论文标题:自由与法治
A Conception Based on Self-Organization of P.E. Teaching
论文作者 魏建国
论文导师 王晋新,论文学位 博士,论文专业 世界史
论文单位 东北师范大学,点击次数 306,论文页数 193页File Size953k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_11011912/ 近代早期 ; 英国 ;市民社会
Early modern ; England ; Civil society
长期以来，人们一直将英国中世纪的自由与法治等同于现代的自由与法治，故而在研究英国的自由、法治的形成机制上多强调中世纪传统因素的作用。事实上，这是两种不同的自由与法治：中世纪的自由是一种“等级”的自由，法治是一种神本主义法治，是在中世纪等级制政治社会中形成的；现代的自由则是一种基于“个体”的自由，而法治是一种人本主义法治，它们形成于近代市民社会。这两种自由与法治的差异源于各自赖以产生和存在的经济基础的不同：以自然经济为基础的中世纪社会和以货币经济为基础的近代市民社会。 市民社会是个体自由与人本主义法治得以生成的温床，它的成熟形态是民族国家—市民社会，亦称近代市民社会。中世纪欧洲的城市市民社会是近代市民社会的雏形，其货币经济的发展已经孕育出了个体自由和法治。但中世纪的城市并不能直接发展成为近代市民社会，它需要与王权结盟。在西方，第一个近代市民社会是英国市民社会。近代早期，欧洲发生了城市市民社会向国家市民社会的过渡。在中世纪的意大利和德国，城市或城市共和国由于不能与王权结合而衰落。英法两国事实上实现了城市与王权的结盟，但由于城市与王权力量对比的不同，而又发展成不同性质的国家。在法国，王权居于了主导地位从而使国家发展为君主国家；在英国，则由于城市力量的强大能构成对王权的有效制约而使国家发展成民族国家。近代市民社会的基本国家形态，正是这种民族国家。近代早期英国货币经济发展的层次较高，并在土地、劳动力货币化的基础上形成了市场社会。市场社会孕育并产生了个体自由，而这种个体自由的实质是经济自由。经济自由的发展引发了社会财富占有方式的变革，即导致了通过政治特权获取财富的方式到通过劳动和市场获取财富方式的转变。这种转变是通过普通法院的司法独立完成的。普通法院司法独立确立了民族国家经济生活中的法治，保障了个体经济自由，从而使市场成为获取财富的主要方式。近代早期，又是欧洲经济体系中的城市时代向国家时代的过渡时期。个体自由的实现是离不开国家这个载体的，正像中世纪时，个体自由的实现离不开城市一样。而英国通过议会代议制实现了国家的公共权力组建，确立了政治生活中的宪政。总之，英国通过普通法院司法独立和议会代议制最终完成了“国家重建”（即王朝国家向民族国家的转变），实现了政治国家与市民社会相分离。由此，整个英国社会也就分裂为经济和政治两个领域，亦即私人领域和公共领域。前者是特殊的私人利益关系的总和，后者则是普遍的公共利益关系的总和。且只有当经济领域失去了政治性质而变成纯粹的私人领域之后，国家才能真正成为公共权力机构，而不再是国王的特权工具。市民社会是个人根据自己的私人利益自愿结合成的社会经济联合体，它用积极的方式增进人类的福利；国家则是人们为了避免社会混乱而不得不建立的公共权力组织，它用消极的方式增加人类的福利。近代英国市民社会的形成还体现在基于私有制基础之上的国内阶级认同和对外奉行经济民族主义战略两个方面上。经济民族主义主要表现在以资本主义利润逻辑为其国家政策的指南，而不再奉行传统的封建主义领土逻辑；而且，通过国家所获取的利益也开始由整个民族分享，而不再像以往那样只属于国王。
For a long time ，some people equal the freedom and rule of law in Medieval England to the freedom and rule of law in modern times。Accordingly，they put more emphasis the effect of the traditional factors on the formation of the freedom and rule of law in England. In fact , they are two deferent kinds of things：in Middle Ages , freedom is the freedom of a kind of “estate” and the rule of law is on the base of “ the Godism”,it formed in the hierarchy society；in modern times, freedom is based on “individual” and the rule of law is centered on “humanism”, it came out of early-modern civil society。The distinction of them refered to the deferent economic basis：The economic basis of the Medieval England was natural economy, and the basis of civil society was currency economy.The civil society is the greenhouse of the individual freedom and the humanism rule of law. The mature form of it is nation-state civil society or modern civil society. The Medieval cities were the embryonic form of the early-modern civil society. The improvement of the currency economic has already been pregnant with the individual freedom and the rule of law. But only these couldn’t mean The Medieval cities would become modern civil society directly, it needs to alliance with the right and power of the king. In the history of the west Europe, the first early modern civil society was the England civil society. In early modern, it began the transition from the city civil society to nation-state civil society. In medieval Italian and medieval Germany, the city and the city-state declined, because they couldn’t form alliance with the power of kings. In England and France, it accomplished this task. Because the power between king and the city was deferent in this sort of alliance, they become deferent state essentially. In France, king was more powerful than the city , so France became a absolute monarch state ；In England, for the city was powerful enough to form the restriction to the king, it became a nation-state. The essential state form of modern civil society is just nation-state. In early modern, the degree of the currency economic was much higher in England than in other countries. On the basis of land and labor ‘s turning into currency, it formed currency economic society. The formation of the currency economic society was pregnant with and nurtured the individual freedom. The individual freedom was a kind of economic freedom essentially. The economic freedom would lead to the revolution of the mode of possessed wealth. That is to say, it would lead to the transition of gaining the wealth from basing on political privilege to basing on work and market. By the independent of administration of justice, the England established the rule of law in national economy. It protected the individual economic freedom, made the market become the fundamental way for getting the wealth.In early modern, it was the beginning of the economic transition from the city to the state, as to realize the individual ‘s freedom was unbelievable without the city in middle ages, without the nation-state, the individual’s freedom could’t be imagined either. Adopting parliament and the representative system, England accomplished the formation of nation-state, and established constitutional government in politic. Finally, it realized “the reestablishment of the state ”（the transition of royal court to nation-state ） and accomplished the division of state and the civil society. So, only when the politic was been discarded out of economic field, that meaned only after the economic field became absolute private sphere, the state could be not the tool of king’ s privilege but the social public organization in public sphere. The civil society provade the condition, in which every individual could form social economic union on the basis of his-own interest voluntarily. It added the welfare of human positively vice verse, nation-state was a kind of political organization that man had to establish in order to avoid the vice and disorder in socie
|
