论文标题:农地使用权流转法律问题研究
Researches on Methods and Applications of Production Scheduling in the Process Enterprise
论文作者 孙健
论文导师 沈萍,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 法律
论文单位 西南政法大学,点击次数 120,论文页数 54页File Size2714k
2003-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_119332007/ 流程企业;生产调度;算法混合策略;遗传算法;物料流调度优化;实时Agent调度;企业问题求解环境
Process enterprise,Production scheduling,Hybrid strategies of algorithms,Genetic algorithm,Material flow scheduling and optimization,Real-time Agent scheduling,Enterprise Problem Solving Environment
土地是人类赖以生存的重要物质财富。就其自然属性而言，土地具有有限性及永久性；就其社会属性而言，土地具有排他性及财产性。合理的土地制度，宏观而言，能够稳定社会，促进国家经济发展；微观而言，则可能激发人类无限的潜能，使土地这一重要的生产资料发挥出最大的效益。 自70年代末家庭联产承包责任制推行以来，我国农村经济体制改革取得了巨大成功，这得益于以土地承包经营权为主要内容的农村土地使用权法律制度的初步确立。但是，由于家庭联产承包责任制过分强调了人多地少的基本国情，限制了土地流转，以农户为单位的农村土地使用权因不能得到合理流动，经营规模偏小，难以产生规模效益，无法与变化的大市场相连接。另一方面，在一些经济较发达地区，虽然农业收入对农民已无足轻重，由于土地使用权不能有偿转让也制约了农民对土地流转供给的积极性，农民即使抛荒土地，也不放弃所承包的土地。显而易见，现行的农村土地制度阻碍了我国农村经济的发展，又造成了有限的土地资源得不到充分的利用。那么，推进农村土地的流转，实现农业的适度规模经营，已经成为进一步深化农村改革，推进农村经济市场化和完善农村法制建设的当务之急。 我国政府在《国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标纲要》中指出：在完善以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和双层经营体制的基础上鼓励土地使用权依法转让，有条件的地方逐步推进土地适度规模经营。从而将稳步提高土地规模经营水平作为我国今后农业发展的目标。在具体做法上，按照“强化所有权、明确发包权、稳定承包权、放活使用权”的思路，把放活土地使用权，建立土地流转机制列为重点，试图将市场机制入土地资源重新配置，步实行农业规模经营，加快农业产业化步伐，以实现经济增长方式的转变。而建立土地流转机制的核心则是建立农地使用权的流转机制。所谓的农地使用权的流转是指在我们不改变农村土地用途的前提下，允许农民以多种方式转让土地，使农地使用权按照市场经济的自愿、有偿、依法的原则有序地流动起来，促进土地在流转过程中与其他生产要素形成最佳组合，以实现农业生产利润的最大化。建立农地使用权的流转机制，是农村土地市场化的必然趋势，也是完善农村土地承包经营制度的必然要求，它与稳定我国的土地承包经营关系是相辅相成的。农业生产经营的长周期性要求农用土地制度具有稳定性;农村土地制度的完善，也需要农用土地使用权制度的稳定胜。稳定的农地使用权制度不是静止的、僵化的稳定，而是一种动态的稳定，即在使用权的有效期限内，将农地使用权作为一种杠俐，一种有价值、可以交换的资产，能在市场经济的一定主体之间自由流转起来。 本文以农地使用权流转为研究对象，以建立较为完善的农地使用权流转机制，从而最大卜良度地提高农地经营效益为目的，借鉴经济学理论对农地使用权相关理论进行分析，转而对我国建立农地使用权流转机制进行对策性研究。全文分为四个部分，主要内容如下: 第一部分，农地使用权相关理论探讨。本部分主要探讨两个方面的内容，现代农地制度的含义及其制度体系，农地流转制度则是现代农地制度制度体系之中极为重要的一部分;另外，学界对农地使用权的法律性质存在着较大的争议，本文认为，以物权法确认农地使用权是我国广大农村土地的现实需要所决定的，同时将改变行政胜配置土地资源的方式，真正促进农民与土地的利益结合在一起，从而更好地维护土地资源，发挥农地的效益。 第二部分，农地使用权流转的基础理论研究。本部分主要探讨马克思主义的产权、地租理论以及其它一些经济学理论对于我国土地使用制度的改革，特别是农地使用权流转制度的建设所具有的重要借鉴意义。同时，从法经济学的角度对农地使用权流转进行目的价值分析，法律的存在不仅仅是正义，对效率的追求也是其存在的根本理由，以法律来规制农地使用权流转正是为了提高农地资源的配置效率。 第三部分，我国农地使用权流转的现状分析。我国现行法律对农地使用权流转方面的规定受到越来越多学者的批评，虽然《宪法》、《民法通则》、《土地管理法》、心森林法》、《农业法》、《担保法》等均有关于农地使用权流转的相关规定，再加上2002年8月29日通过的份仅村土地承包法》，应该说，农地使用权流转相关法律条文不可谓不多，但这些规定一方面相互之间存在冲突，另一方面封闭性较强，对农地使用权流转限制过多。同时，由于立法现状的缺陷，广大农村农地使用权流转的现实状况也令人堪忧，这直接反映在农户仍然小规膜经营，农地未得到充分利用，也阻碍了农村剩余劳动力向二、三产业转移，从而使调整农业结构、发展效益农业、促进经济增长的步伐缓慢. 第四部分，我国农地使用权流转的法律规制.本部分主要分析了我国农地使用权流转机制建立的必要性，同时探讨农地使用权流转所应确定的基本原则.而作为农地仗月权流转的基本方式，则应该包括出让、拍卖、出租、转让、互换、转包、转租、抵押、继承、入股?
At the end of the 1970s, the family-based contracting liability system was formulated. Great successes have accordingly been witnessed in the economic system reform in the rural areas thanks to the preliminary establishment of the legal system concerning Right to Use of Agricultural Land featured by the right to management of land by contracting. Nevertheless, the family-based contracting liability system excessively emphasized the situation of our country that is few land is a big population. Thereby, the system restricts the circulation of land. Thus, the family-based Right to Use of Agricultural Land can not be put in circulation reasonably and the size of production is so small that it is hard to obtain effects of large-scale production and to adapt to the potential big market. For another thing, agricultural income though is not important to peasants at all in some developed areas, the initiative to supplying the land for circulation is also impaired owing to the ban on onerous transfer of Right to Use of Agricultural Land. Then, those peasants would rather leave the land wild than drop the contracting land. Obviously, the current land system in the rural areas retards the development of our rural economy. Furthermore, it also results in insufficient use of limited land resources. In brief, it has become crucial to promote the circulation of land and establish reasonable scale of production in agriculture in terms of further deepening the rural reform, improving the marketing extent and perfecting the legal system in the rural areas.The article will target the mechanism of Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land in light of relevant theories in economic sciences in the hope of establishing a better mechanism to promote the land use efficiency to a maximum high and locating the general principles for such a new mechanism. The entire article will be developed in four folds.Part I. The Relevant Theories on Right to Use of Agricultural LandThis part intends to probe into two aspects, namely, the definition of the modern agricultural land system and its framework. The mechanism of the circulation of agricultural land is the core of the modern agricultural land system. The academic circle is still arguing over the legal attributes of Right to Use of Agricultural Land. It is believed that it will meet the actual requirements in the rural areas to recognize the Right to Use of Agricultural Land in the Property Law. Thus, the current way of allocating the land resources administratively will be changed and peasants will actually merge with interests arising out of land. Land resources will be better protected and better used.Part II. The Basic Theories on Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural LandThis part aims to unveil the significance of the relevant theories on our ongoing reform of land use and specifically on the Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land, such as Marxist"s theories on property, ground rent, some other economic theories. Meanwhile, the value and goal of the Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land will be probed into in light of economic analysis in law. Law is not only underlain on justice but on the efficiency. The legal regulation on the Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land merely aims to improve the allocating efficiency of agricultural land.Part III. Current Situation of Our Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural LandThe current situation has been criticized by more and more academic scholars. Although, relevant provisions on Circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land can be found in many laws, such as the Constitution, the General Principles of the Civil Law, the Land Administration Law, Forest law, Agricultural law, Guaranteelaw and the latest one, the Law of Contracting with Agricultural Land passed on August 29, 2002, they often conflict with each other and formulate many restrictions on the circulation of Right to Use of Agricultural Land. The failure in those enactments contributes to the current worrying
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