论文标题:美国政府内部关于中央情报机构转型之争（1944年9月—1946年1月）
Issues on Tourist Publicity Translation
论文作者 廉莉
论文导师 李晔,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 世界史
论文单位 东北师范大学,点击次数 167,论文页数 57页File Size394k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_12116697/ 美国中央情报机构 ;转型之争;情报界发展
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Controversy about Transition; Development of the Intelligence System
随着第二次世界大战临近结束，美国战略情报局作为战争时期紧急成立的情报机构即将完成它的历史使命而被撤消，整个美国情报界进入了从战争时期向和平时期转型的过渡阶段。于是，在第二次世界大战结束前后，美国政府内部发生了一场关于如何组织建立战后美国中央情报机构的争论，这是美国政府内部第一次就情报问题展开的大讨论。这场争论持续一年半之久，有包括国务院、陆军部、海军部、联邦调查局、战略情报局和参谋长联席会议等多个政府高级重要组织部门参与，共有5份正式计划相继提出。争论以1945年9月20日杜鲁门签署撤消战略情报局的9621号总统行政命令为分水岭，前后经历了两个阶段：1944年9月至1945年9月是第一阶段，讨论的核心问题是关于战略情报局的去留问题，即可否将战略情报局稍作改组成为美国和平时期的中央情报机构，讨论结果以战略情报局的撤消告终；1945年9月至1946年1月是第二阶段，讨论围绕如何组织建立战后美国中央情报机构进行，这也是讨论的实质性阶段，触及到组建新机构的核心问题：机构性质、建制、职能等重要问题，讨论的最后结果是建立国家情报委员会和中央情报组。由此开启了美国情报界进入和平时期的崭新的一页，为日后国家安全委员会和中央情报局的建立奠定基础。本文共分三个部分：一、第二次世界大战前及战争期间的美国情报机构。介绍二战前美国主要的情报机构和统一情报工作主张的提出。二、第二次世界大战后美国情报界由战争时期向和平时期转型的历史必然性。战略情报局的撤消使美国情报界在集中情报方面出现空缺是美国情报界转型的内因，二战后世界局势的变化是美国情报界转型的外因。 三、美国政府内部关于二战后建立中央情报机构的争论。战略情报局局长杜诺万最先正式提出建立永久性中央情报机构的主张。随后，美国政府各个主要部门纷纷提出计划草案，直至国家情报委员会和中央情报组的建立而告终。
Towards the end of World War Ⅱ, the OSS of the United States, as a wartime critical organization once irreplaceable in supporting America’s war effort, was going to be liquidated. Similarly, the entire intelligence system was entering a transitional phase from wartime to peacetime keeping roles. It is during the exact phase that a controversy within the U.S. government broke out on how to establish a postwar central intelligence agency for the country. This is the very first time that the key departments of the U.S. government, including Departments of State, War and Navy, FBI, OSS, JCS etc. have debated about intelligence. The controversy lasted for one and a half years or so. Five proposals were submitted one after another during the controversy. The Executive Order 9621 was signed by Harry S. Truman, the President of the United States, on September 20, 1945. As a milestone, the Executive Order 9621 divided the controversy into two phases:The first phase from September 1944 to September 1945 was to focus on the key problem whether the OSS should be liquidated after World War Ⅱ or not. That is, was it possible that the OSS might exist in peacetime with a little reorganization internally? However, the first stage of the controversy ended with the result of the liquidation of the OSS. The second, a more critical planning phase from September 1945 to January 1946, was focused on setting up a new central intelligence system. The final result of the whole controversy was the establishment of the NIA and the CIG. The American intelligence system entered into a brandnew period in peacetime since then. The establishment of the NIA and the CIG laid good foundations for the NSC and the CIA as we now know. This dissertation is composed of three parts:1. U.S. intelligence organizations leading up to and during World War Ⅱ. It is introduced that the main existing intelligence organizations up to World War Ⅱ and how the idea of centralizing intelligence activities was put forward.2. The inevitability of the transition of the U.S. intelligence system from wartime to peacetime. The internal cause was that a vacancy appeared in the area of centralizing intelligence after the liquidation of the OSS. The changes of the whole world situation were the external causes.3. The departments, branches or organizations in the U.S. government debated about the establishment of a postwar intelligence agency. It was William J. Donovan, the Director of the OSS, who firstly put forward his proposal of setting up a permanent intelligence agency formally. Then, other main departments of the U.S. government submitted their plans. All of these came to an end with the establishment of the NIA and the CIG.
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