论文标题:“经济人”与经济制度正义探析
A Research on the Ethical Viewpoints of Matteo Ricci
论文作者 陈泽亚
论文导师 刘湘溶,论文学位 博士,论文专业 伦理学
论文单位 湖南师范大学,点击次数 770,论文页数 160页File Size7446k
2002-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_1235607/ 制度正义;经济制度;利益;经济人;权利
institutional justice;economic institution;interests;Economic Man;rights
自从人类社会迈入现代市场经济阶段，经济制度和经济体制发生了深刻变化，个体的主体意识日益突扬，制度伦理问题日益突出。也正是在这一历史背景下，罗尔斯指出：“正义是各种社会制度的首要美德，如同真理是思想体系的首要美德一样。”他认为，制度的道德评价和选择，应当优先于对个人的道德评价和选择。造成社会道德“失范”的主要原因不在于个人品德修养，而是制度本身的正当性发生了问题。这一思想对于市场经济时期，特别是处于社会转型时期的道德研究至关重要。 通过进一步观察，我们不难发现制度功能的有效发挥与制度本身的正义程度、制度本身所蕴涵的正义价值密切相关。制度中的正式规则越是正义，越是合理，它就愈能直接对存在于这种制度下的人们起到有效的规制作用，愈能通过各种实践活动把正义等价值内化为人们的信念，从而强化人们对自己所承担的各种责任和义务的认同，提高其履行责任的能力和自我约束能力。相反，如若制度不正义、不公正，那么人与人之间的关系便会被扭曲，不公正的行为将泛滥，社会矛盾将激化。而所有这些最终将导致制度的变革。在资本日趋国际化、市场日趋全球化的今天，资本主义经济关系也在日趋扩张，拜金主义甚嚣尘上，一些人在很大程度上异化为了片面的“经济人”，社会不公现象比比皆是。为此，追寻制度正义，为促进人的全面发展创造良好的制度环境已刻不容缓。 那么，究竟什么是“正义”和“制度正义”呢?我们认为，“正义”从本质上讲是的一种得所应得、付所应付的道德价值和道德精神。“制度正义”实质上也是一种价值，它是指制度本身所蕴涵的，并渗透于制度制定、执行、监督等各环节的，保障利益主体得所应得、付所应付的一种价值或精神。要把握制度正义的这一本质含义，必须注意以下几点：第一，制度正义的实质是正义价值，它所强调的是制度本身的价值取向。“正义”、“制度正义”的理念与精神是实质性的，它们外在化、形式化为各种具体的正义的制度。第二，制度正义是一个历史范畴。在不同的历史时期，不同的生产力发展阶段，有不同的制度正义内容，人们均依自身对“应得”的理解而赋予制度正义现实的内容。第三，随着生产力的发展，人们会对现有的制度正义内容进行批判性反思，产生新的制度正义理想，并通过社会实践活动推动新的制度正义理想不断演化为现实的制度正义。 明确研究制度正义的方法是研究经济制度正义的前提，要研究制度正义问题就必须注重经济学、社会学对于制度的研究方法。社会学主要采用整体主义方法来研究制度，它关注对个人行为发生作用的社会影响，集中考察社会力量(制度、社会规范等)如何制约个人行为。在这一方法下，个人被看成社会化的人，已经将自己身处其中的社会规范和制度内生化。与此相反，正统经济学主要采用个体主义方法来研究制度，关注个人行为如何引致制度和制度变迁，并企图用人类个体行为来解释所有社会或集体现象。然而，无论是整体主义方法还是个体主义方法在制度研究中最终都走入了困境。因此，我们主张把整体主义方法和个体主义方法结合起来研究制度及制度正义问题，主张在人与制度的互动中来研究制度正义问题。新的综合方法包含这样一种哲学思想:个体和社会始终处于相互作用的不断运动过程中。其中，个体具有目的性和能动性，他不仅能够接受社会影响，而且能够通过行动方式的抉择改变和调整社会制度。这就是说，在制度正义研究过程中必须既考虑到个人具有追求个人利益的强烈动机，个人具有自主选择的能力和自由，又考虑到个人在社会中的行为是受组织、制度等制约的，个人是在种种制度约束下来选择适当的行动方案，甚至改变自身利益偏好的。正因如此，本文选择“经济人”作为研究的切入点，在吸收西方经济学中经济人假说合理内核、建立开放的(或者说接受社会影响的)经济人假设的基础上，把经济人与制度正义结合起来进行研究，在经济人与经济制度的互动过程中来研究经济制度正义，以改变正义研究领城个人德行、个人正义与制度正义长期处于分裂的状况，进开宿命论和唯意志论两个极端。 须要进一步指出的是，“经济制度正义”不能孤立地、抽象地谈论，否则不能说明任何实质性的问题。实际上，在不同的人类历史与生产力发展阶段，会形成不同的经济制度，这些不同的经济制度所反映和肯定的经济关系和利益关系是不同的，所蕴洒的正义价值和精神是有差别的。并且，在人类历史的不同发一2一展阶段，在不同的经济制度下，人性的特点也是不同的。于是，我们运用马克思主义的历史方法具体分析和考察了人类历史发展的不同阶段和制度形态下的经济制度正义观和经济制度正义状况，分析了近代西方不同历史时期的几种主要正义观，从而较清晰地把握了经济制度正义发展演进的历史趋势，经济制度正义与人性发展的历史互动趁势。 对经济制度正义的历史考察与分析表明，资本主义经济制度正义具有一定的历史合理性，它使得法权上的平等和形式上的机会均等成为了可能。但资本主义经济制度正义?
Since human society entered the era of modern market economy, great changes have taken place in economic systems and institutions. What"s more, the subjective consciousness of individual and the Institutional Ethics have been increasingly protruding. Just under this background, John. Rawls. points out: "Justice is the primary virtue of various social systems as well as truth is of the thoughts system. " He believes that the moral valuation and choice of institutions should be prior to that of individuals. The main cause for the disorder of social morality does not lie in the self - cultivation of individuals, but in the justice of institutions themselves. His thought is vital for the search of morality in the era of market economy, especially in the transitional period of society.It is not difficult to find out that the effective function of institutions is connected with the justice degree of institutions. The more just and reasonable the formal rules of institutions are, the more effective they are to the people under them, and the more they can change the justice into people"s interior belief through various of practice, and thus people can reinforce the understanding and acceptance of all kinds of responsibilities and obligations which they shoulder and which can develop the abilities of self - restraint and of performing their obligation. Otherwise, the relationship between human beings will be distorted; the injustice will finally lead to the reform of institutions. Today with the internationalization of capital and the globalization of market, the economic relationship of capitalism and the mam-monism are more and more rampant; money and economy have become the most forceful means, and in most degree some people have been dissimilated as the partial Economic Men, and the social injustice can be found everywhere. So to pursuit the institutional justice and to create a good institutional environment for the full devel-opment of human beings has been of great urgency.Then, what"s on earth "justice" and "institutional justice"? We think based on the relationship of equal rights and obligations "justice" essentially is a kind of moral value or moral spirit that we can get what we should get and have to pay for what we have to pay for. In fact, "institutional justice" is also a kind of value or spirit which is contained in and pervading in the formulate, execution and supervision of institutions, and ensures that the subject can get what he should get and has to pay for what he has to pay for. In order to catch the essential definition of "institutional justice" we should pay attention to the followings. Firstly, the essence of institutional justice is the value of justice, which emphasizes the value orientation of institutions themselves. The concept and spirit of "justice" and "institutional justice" is substantial, while all kinds of concrete justice institutions are the external and formal representations of them. Secondly, institutional justice is a historical concept. In different historical periods and on different stages of productivity the content of institutional justice is different. That is to say, people will endow it different practical content according to their own understanding of "what we should get". Thirdly, with the development of productivity people will give the critical rethinking to the content of the existed institutional justice, produce new idea of institutional justice and make it changed into the practical institutional justice through social practices.To define the means of studying institutional justice presupposes the study of e-conomic institutional justice, while much attention must be paid to the studying means of economics and sociology in order to study institutional justice. The collec-?*?tivism means is mainly adopted in sociology, which concerns the social influence affecting an individual"s behavior and is concentrated on how social force (institutions, social rules and so on) restricts an individual"s behavior. In this means an individual has been
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