论文标题:袁世凯与中日“二十一条”交涉
Yuan Shikai and China-Japan 21 Negotiations
论文作者
论文导师 张本英,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 专门史
论文单位 安徽大学,点击次数 518,论文页数 49页File Size2936K
2007-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_12772367/
Yuan Shikai;" twenty-one items ";negotiation
发生于袁世凯当政的北洋时期中日“二十一条”交涉在以往相当长的一段时期内被简单地称为“卖国外交”或“屈辱外交”的典型，袁世凯关于“二十一条”交涉还被认为与他的称帝野心有着直接关系，即袁世凯为了得到日本的支持而主动接受“二十一条”，因此袁世凯试图抵制“二十一条”外交被学术界长期忽视。改革开放后，尤其是近十几年来，由于实事求是的历史唯物主义态度逐渐在学术界占据主导地位加之民国外交档案的进一步开放，学术界开始以实事求是的态度重新审视北洋时期的中国外交。学术界已经开始从帝国主义侵华史的意识形态角度转变为从正常的历史研究角度来看待和评价北洋时期的中国外交，包括袁世凯的外交。①笔者不揣浅陋，在研读了相关资料和论著的基础上，认为学术界到目前为止，虽然已有较多论著对袁世凯关于“二十一条”交涉活动有所涉及，但还未见学界对袁世凯关于中日“二十一条”交涉策略的制定、实施及其结果进行全面而具体地探讨。 本文认为袁世凯早在驻扎朝鲜期间，由于日本觊觎朝鲜并离间朝鲜与中国的宗藩关系，袁世凯就视日本为敌，以致袁世凯对日本在朝势力进行打压；袁世凯掌控辛亥革命政权之初，主要依靠英美，更引起日本的不满与敌视，直至日本向袁世凯提出“二十一条”。袁世凯认为日本“二十一条”不仅严重威胁中国独立与主权完整，而且对自己地位也构成巨大挑战。他对“二十一条”原本进行了认真阅读和批示，指示中国代表必须要按照批示来与日本谈判，而且多次召开会议商讨对策。袁世凯在考虑各部门意见后制定了对日“二十一条”交涉策略。在交涉策略的实施过程中，袁世凯亲自掌控，并予以明确指示；虽然最终日本迫使中国接受了日本的最后通牒，但通过袁世凯主导下的对日交涉，日本最后提出的要求文本和最初提出的“二十一条”文本比较起来，日本还是做出了诸多让步，尤其是被迫放弃最为狠毒的第五号条款(日本改为“容日后协商”)。而利用美英俄等列强的外交策略对以后的民国外交也有一定的影响，即在以后的中国外交界形成了联合欧美国家，抵御日本侵华的外交方针和传统。 至于袁世凯主导下制定的对日交涉策略，这是本文的重点。本文认为主要有四个方面： 第一，为执行袁世凯的批示及逐条讨论的谈判策略，袁世凯更换了外交总长孙宝琦，改任擅长在复杂局面下谈判的陆征祥为外交总长。而且，袁世凯指示陆征祥尽力与日本拖延谈判时间；陆征祥则严格按照袁世凯的批示与日本谈判，并想出一些计策来拖延谈判，为袁世凯派人赴日摸清日本底线、利用日本内部矛盾，发动国内报刊攻势以利用民意为交涉后盾以及联合美英俄等列强以对日本施压赢得了时间。 第二，袁世凯为摸清日本的真实要求，派人赴日，“知己知彼”，以缓解中方所面临压力，便与日本周旋；而且，日本内部元老派与日本政府之间存在矛盾，袁世凯也派人多加利用。 第三，袁世凯有意利用国内媒体泄密“二十一条”及中日会谈内容，激起中国民众和舆论界的强烈反应，再以民意为中日交涉后盾，以加强自身谈判地位。 第四，袁世凯对美英俄等列强与日本的矛盾加以利用，希望美英俄给日本施加压力。美英俄三国对“二十一条”的态度各有不同，结果虽然与袁世凯的期望有着很大的差距，但在日本放弃第五号条款上面，美英起到了一定的作用。
During quite a long time in the past, Yuan Shikai"s negotiation of"twenty-one items" was simply called "betrayal diplomacy "or "humiliating diplomacy" .The negotiation of "twenty-one items" has also been directly related with Yuan Shikai"s ambition to be an emperor. That is to say, in order to get the support from Japan Yuan Shikai positively accepted "twenty-one items".So Yuan Shikai"s negotiation of "twenty-one items" was for a long time neglected by academic circles. Since China began the reform and open policy , above all, in the past 10 or more years, due to the realistic historical materialism manner gradually occupying the dominant position in the academic circles and the further opening of the Republic of China"s diplomatic files, the academic circles started to estimate the diplomacy of the Peking Government again with the realistic manner.In the past the academic circles often viewed the diplomacy of the Peking Government ideologyically, including Yuan Shikai"s diplomacy .That is to say, the history of the Peking Government was called that of the imperialist aggression against China. Nowadays , the researchers have changed the point of view who study history"with the realistic manner.①On the basis of relevant information I think that although many involved books and papers have paid attention to Yuan Shikai"s negotiation of "twenty-one items", there is no comprehensive and specific research on Yuan Shikai"negotiation of "twenty-one items" by now. Long before Japan handed to Yuan Shikai"s "twenty-one items", Yuan Shikai had been keeping hostile attitude to Japan.When Yuan Shikai stationed in North Korea,Japan wanted to invade North Korea and to alienate the Zongfan relation between North Korea and China.From then on, Yuan Shikai began to view Japan as the enemy of China and did his best to suppress the Japanese forces in North Korea. At the beginning of Yuan Shikai"s controlling Xin Hai Revolution political power, he depended mainly upon Britain and the United States with the result of Japan"s hostility.Japan wanted to get rid of Yuan Shikai and finally proposed "twenty-one ①Tang Qihua. Introductory Comments On "the Diplomacy of the Peking Government" [J].Historical Research, 2004.No.1. items" to China.Yuan Shikai thought that "twenty-one items" not only would seriously threaten China"s independence and the integrity of its sovereignty, but also would constituted a huge challenge to his status. Yuan Shikai personally instructed in " twenty-one items"one by one and ordered Ministry of Foreign Affairs to negotiate with Japan one by one and do the best to refuse some of the Japan"s requests.Moreover, Yuan Shikai held many meetings to discuss how to deal with "twenty-one items" and finally formulated the strategies. In the course of executing of the strategies, Yuan Shikai played a leading role;Although Japan eventually forced China to accept the Japan"s ultimatum, Japan gave up some provisions of the original twenty-one items , particularly the most vicious No. 5 provisions (changed to "discuss them in the future"). The strategy of hoping the interference of the United States , Britain and Russia also had a definite impact on China"s diplomacy after Yuan Shikai , that is to say, the strategy had gradually developed into a tradition , which is to joint Europe and the United States to resist Japanese aggression. The strategies are the focus of this paper. In this paper, there are four aspects : First, in order to execute the strategies Yuan Shikai replaced the chief foreign minister Sun Baoqi with Lu Zhengxiang who was good at negotiating in difficult situations. Moreover, Yuan Shikai ordered Lu Zhengxiang to delay the time in the meetings ; Lu Zhengxiang is in strict accordance with the instructions of Yuan Shikai, and come up with some tricks to delay the time, which enabled Yuan Shikai to find the time to send some persons to Japan to find out Japan"s bottom line, use Japan"s internal conflicts, launch an offensive campaign at home by the domestic media to back the negotiation with Japan , and joint the United States , Britain and Russia to put pressure on Japan Second, to find out the real goals of Japan, Yuan Shikai sent some persons to Japan ; Moreover, Yuan Shikai also made use of the contradiction between Japan"s veterans and Japan"s government. Third, Yuan Shikai used the domestic media to let Chinese know " twenty-one items" and the comments of the meetings between China and Japan in order to cause a wave of anti-Japanese sentiment in the Chinese mass and the domestic media , which could strengthen the power of the negotiation with Japan. Fourth, Yuan Shikai made use of the contradiction between the United States, Britain , Russia and Japan, hoping that they would put pressure on Japan. Although their attitudes were different and there was a larger gap between their final attitudes and Yuan Shikai"s expectation ,in this point of forcing Japan to give up the No. 5 provisions, the United States and Britain played a certain role.
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