论文标题:日本老龄化问题及其对策研究
A Study of Aging Problems and Its Coutermeasures in Japan
论文作者 李鹏军
论文导师 吴建华,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 世界史
论文单位 西南师范大学,点击次数 408,论文页数 50页File Size2642k
2003-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_140995647/ 日本;老龄化问题;对策;人口;中国
Japan;aging problems;countermeasures;population;China
人口的老龄化是一种带有全球性的人口发展趋势，任何国家都很难避免，它不仅是当今世界各国存在的重大的社会问题，也是一个涉及到经济、政治、社会发展和人口规划等方面的战略问题。人口老龄化进程的加速，已引起世界很多国家的关注和重视。本文在借鉴国内外相关研究成果的基础上，从历史学的视角，运用社会学的方法来研究日本的老龄化及其对策，力图找出一些经验教训，为我所思，为我所虑，为我所鉴。 当今世界，日本是老龄化问题最严重的国家之一。早在1970年，日本65岁以上老年人口已占总人口的7.1％，迈入了老龄化社会。在新世纪到来之时，日本更受到人口老龄化问题的重重困扰。老龄化已经给日本社会带来诸多负面影响，能否跨越这一障碍，直接关系到日本在世界上的地位。而中国在2000年已进入老龄化社会。日本当年所采取的应对措施，虽因中日两国国情不同，制度各异而应有所选择，然而他山之石，可以攻玉，吸取外国经验，借鉴他国得失，仍属极端重要之举。这对中国面临的现实问题无疑具有一定的参考价值。 本文将通过以下四部分来展开论述： 第一部分，阐述当今社会普遍采用的人口老龄化的衡量模式，并对日本人口老龄化发展的几个阶段和老龄化问题的成因予以说明。在此基础上，阐释了日本人口老龄化所呈现出速度快、程度深、城乡和地区发展不平衡、妇女老龄化尤为突出这些特点。 第二部分，长寿，就个人而言，一直被看作是一种福气。但今天的日本，它已成为现代社会所负担不起的一种“奢侈”，它冲击着日本的劳动力供给、企业传统雇佣体制和家庭传统养老观念，加重了日本国民的负担，使社会养老保险制度受到挑战，影响了国民心理和产业结构的调整。此外，对人口老龄化的双重经济后果进行了评价。 第三部分，迈入老龄化社会的日本，为应对老龄化对社会各方面带来的冲击，国家和政府成立机构，开展研究，制定对策；实行了国民皆年金制度和老龄雇佣对策，以确保老年人的经济收入；制定了健全细致的社会福利对策；继续发挥家庭养老功能，将社区服务与之相配合。使老有所医、老有所养、老有所享得以实现。为解决老龄化程度最为严重的农村超前状态，一方面建立农民的养老金制度，另一方面加大了对农村地区的开发。这一系列对策，综合而全面，且成效显著，使日本度过了老龄化给社会造成的最震颤的时期。 第四部分，总观日本老龄化问题的对策和它解决问题的方法与视角，虽然中日两国在政治、经济、社会生活等方面有很大的不同，但在老龄化的发展特征、家庭养老等方面有极大的相似之处，历史不可复制，但精神可以借鉴。针对中国老龄化的特点及现在老年社会保障体系存在的问题，应当建立多层次的养老保险体系，继续发挥家庭的养老功能，开茂银发市场，实行专业化管理，以法律确保老年人权益得到保障以及各项政策得以顺利实施。
In the process of population development, there has been a tendency of population Aging around the world. It is an issue that involves many aspects such as economics, politics, social development, population project and so on. The accelerating of Aging process has already aroused the attention all over the world. On the basis of researches from both inside and outside the country, the dissertation, from the perspective of history as well as sociology, throws bright on the Aging problems and countermeasures of Japan and makes an attempt to find out what can be beneficial for our country.Japan is the country, which is facing the most serious problems caused by Aging. As earlier as 1970, its population over 65 has reached 7.1% of total population and been in the rank of the Aging society. When it coming into a new century, Japan suffers badly from Aging problems. Whether it is capable of removing this obstacle or not, has a direct influence on the status of Japan in the world. As for China, it has been regard as an Aging society already in 2000. Despite the great disparities between Japan and China, it is considered as benefit that the Aging problems in Japan and its countermeasures may serve as reference for China to solve its own.Hence the dissertation probes respectively into these issues in four parts as following:The first part: It illustrates the mode of measuring Aging population, which is adopted generally nowadays, and explains the process and causes of Aging in Japan, It also generalizes the characteristics of Aging in Japan such as high speed, profound effect, imbalance between urban and rural areas, and women-orientedness.The second part: Individually, longevity has been regarded as bliss all the time. In Japan, however, it becomes a kind of "luxury" that its society can not afford now, for which affects not only workforce supply, but also traditional employment system of enterprises as well as ideology of family maintenance, and increases the burden of the Japanese and is a challenge for its endowment insurance. Besides, it also influences its industrial structure and disturbs its people. Besides, the dissertation appraises the dual economic consequence of population.The third part: To cope with these problems, the Japanese government sets up the institutions and lays down countermeasures, establishes annuity and employment system for the aged to ensure their income, improves welfare policies, encourage families to continue their efforts to support their parents with the facilitation of the community services. Thus, the aged are provided with proper Medicare and maintenance and enjoy their old age. As to its rural areas which suffers most badly from Aging problems, Japan has established a pension system for peasants on the one hand, furthered its development on the other hand. Such countermeasures have succeeded in helping Japan passing through the difficult phase caused by Aging problems.The fourth part: In comparing the way that Japan solve the Aging problems with that of China, it is found that there are great similarities between them, such as in the features of Aging process, in family-support and so on. In spite of the differences in their politics, economics and so on, there are things which is worthy of drawing attention and may serve as benefits for China. In concerning the characteristic and current state of Aging problems in China, the dissertation makes an attempt to propose some solution to them. To set up endowment insurance of multi-levels; to hold on the effort of family support for the aged; to develop "grey-hair" market; to specialize the management; and to formulate laws as to have the rights of the aged guaranteed and policies for them carried out smoothly.
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