论文标题:清末新政时期外交新论
New Views on Qing Government"s Diplomacy from 1901 to 1911
论文作者 崔军伟
论文导师 郭大松,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 山东师范大学,点击次数 329,论文页数 87页File Size5595k
2004-04-25论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_14493027/ 清末新政时期,外交体制,变革
from 1901 to 1911 in the late Qing Dynasty, diplomatic system, reformation
清末新政时期，中国完全接受了以主权国家为中心的近代外交体制，实现了从传统外交向近代外交的转型。 外务部的建立在反映资本主义列强扩张要求的同时，也在相当程度上满足了清政府改革求变的愿望。与总理衙门相比，外务部的决策机制发生了重大变化，实现了一长独任制和层层长官负责制。储才馆、机要股的设立体现了清政府外交观念的转变，在近代外交史上占有重要地位。外务部是近代历史上第一个专门性的外交机构，具备以下特点：是一个常设机构，有专任官员；职权专一、责任明确；是清政府的“外交总汇”，真正在对外交涉中发挥核心作用；重视司员专业素质，工作效率大大提高。 清政府从七个方面对近代使节制度进行了变革：(一) 严格了出使大臣的选用标准，对其任期进行了弹性规定；(二) 授权外务部统筹使领馆随员的选用；(三) 严格了出使经费的使用与管理；(四) 使领馆官员改授实官，实现了定员定岗；(五) 健全了使馆武官制度；(六) 重新确定了俸薪标准；(七) 重申了中国接受及派遣使领的合法权利。这次使节制度变革呈现出两大特点：集权与高效。改革得以顺利实现的原因主要有三点，即统治集团中的变革氛围；清政府前期的近代化变革；中外交往的扩大。 清末新政时期，清政府还改革了觐见礼仪，完善了宝星制度，制定了国歌。清政府在这一变革中，不但没有完全“俯仰由人”，反而表现出了极大的主动性。这一时期清政府礼仪性外交活动呈现出四大特点：首先是观念上突破了理藩心态；其次是次数增多，规模宏大；复次是形式多样；最后是皇亲国戚参与活动，出访者身份之高贵前所未有。 为了实现外交权力的单一性，清政府从统一外交事权、整顿地方机构两个方面入手，对地方外交体制进行了变革，创制了交涉使制度。1904年～1906年的中英西藏交涉凸显了统一外交事权的历史意义。中日东沙岛交涉表现了外务部在对外交涉中的作用，更体现了清政府对中外领土交涉态度的重大转变。 近代中国外交体制的移植有其必然性，外交体制的进步有助于外交实践的成功。清末新政时期外交体制变革的最大特点是主动性。这次变革在中国外交乃至整个中国近代化进程中占有重要地位。
In ten years of late stage of Qing Dynasty, China has accepted completely the modern diplomatic system, which center is sovereign state, and accomplished the transition from traditional diplomacy to modern diplomacy.The establishment of The Foreign Ministry not only reflects the expansionism of capitalist country, but also satisfies the requirement that Qing government wants to change by reformation. Compared with Zong-li-ya-men, The decision mechanism of The Foreign Ministry has occurred significant change. The establishments of Chu-cai-guan and Ji-yao-gu embody the change of Qing government"s diplomatic concepts and the two departments have important position on modern diplomatic history. The Foreign Ministry is the first special diplomatic organization in the history of Qing government, And it has following characteristics: It is a standing organization, and it has full-time officials. Its authority" is single-minded, and its responsibility is clear. It is the diplomatic confluence of Qing Dynasty and plays a key role in foreign affairs. It pays more attentions to the officials" professional quality, and its working efficiency has been improved greatly.Qing government has carried out reformation at seven aspects for modern envoy system: The first, limit the standard of severing as an envoy strictly and make the presidency variable; The second, authorize The Foreign Ministry to choose and arrange the embassy; The third, control the use of mission treasuries strictly; The forth, fix the number of the diplomatic officials to the post; The fifth, ameliorate the embassy system of military officials; The sixth, determine salary standard again; The seventh, reiterate the right to accept and send the missions. The reformation of envoy system presents two big characteristics: centralization of power and efficiency. The reasons that the reformation has been realized smoothly are that followed: The reform atmosphere in ruling group; the result of Qing government"s modernization in early stage; the frequent intercourse between China and the other countries.During this period, Qing government has still reformed the protocol of calling on the emperor, perfected the medal system and established national anthem. Qing government doesn"t reconcile itself to any other countries completely, however, it shows more initiative in this reformation. The protocol activities of Qing government present four characteristics: Firstly, breaking through the concepts of managing Fan; secondly, expanding the number and scale; thirdly, augmenting the forms; lastly, royalty"s taking active in it.To realize the unification of diplomatic power, Qing government reforms the local diplomatic system at two aspects: one is to unify the diplomatic right; the other is to rectify the local diplomatic organization. Qing government creates the system of Jiao-she-shi. The negotiation between China and England on Tibet during 1904-1906 protrudes the historic meaning of unifying diplomatic right. And the negotiation between China and Japan on Dong-sha Island can also show the same meanings, but can more show the change of Qing government"s attitude to territory.To transplant the diplomatic system has its certainty in modern China. The advance of diplomatic system is helpful for diplomacy to be successful. The biggest characteristic of reformation in this period is initiative, and it plays a great role in the history of Chinese diplomacy and even the whole of Chinese modernization.
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