论文标题:马克思的市民社会理论和唯物史观的创建
论文作者
论文导师 吴晓明,论文学位 博士,论文专业 马克思主义哲学
论文单位 复旦大学,点击次数 249,论文页数 125页File Size8825K
2006-04-13论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_14610517/
马克思把市民社会看作“全部历史的真正发源地和舞台”，力图“从市民社会出发来阐明各种不同的理论产物和意识形式，如宗教、哲学、道德等等，并在这个基础上追溯它们产生的过程”，以是否把市民社会理解为历史过程之“现实的基础”作为唯物史观与“过去的一切历史观”的根本区别。这体现出：在马克思构建唯物史观科学理论体系的过程中，市民社会理论是一条具有基础作用和枢轴性质的重要线索。 从思想发展的内在逻辑顺序来看，马克思实际上是在两种涵义上把握和使用“市民社会”概念的：从《黑格尔法哲学批判》至《1844年经济学哲学手稿》，马克思用“市民社会”来指称“资产阶级社会”。经由《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的过渡，从《德意志意识形态》开始，马克思把市民社会理解为“在过去一切历史阶段上受生产力所制约，同时也制约生产力的交往形式”；在《哲学的贫困》中，马克思进一步把“生产关系”概念精确化，系统论述了生产力与生产关系的辩证运动，事实上使“生产关系”、“交往形式”、“市民社会”成为彼此相通的概念。 本文根据马克思市民社会概念的前后变化，对这一概念进行了“狭义”和“广义”的区分，在这一区分的基础上，对马克思的唯物史观之创建过程和本质做了深入的阐述，可以说，这是本文的主要创新点。狭义的市民社会理论，即马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》及“德法年鉴”时期所制定的“市民社会决定国家”的理论原则以及对这一原则的初步阐发，这构成马克思市民社会理论的哲学基础，可以视之为马克思的市民社会批判理论；广义的市民社会理论包括上述内容，但其主体是马克思从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《共产党宣言》期间，通过政治经济学批判而对市民社会“本质的矛盾”的揭示，以及把这一成果提升至哲学原则的高度所实现的唯物史观的伟大创建。生产关系理论是广义市民社会理论的主要成果和体现。本文所使用的是广义的市民社会理论概念。值得一提的是，虽然马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中仍然在“资产阶级社会”的意义上使用市民社会概念，但对市民社会各种社会关系的深入解剖已经远远超出了前期对市民社会的较为抽象的哲学分析，而且这种解剖的成果直接通向唯物史观的创立，所以将其划入广义市民社会理论的范畴。 本文紧扣马克思从《博士论文》到《共产党宣言》期间的思想发展，对马克思的市民社会理论如何与生产关系理论相衔接、并最终实现唯物史观之公开面世的内在逻辑进程进行了较为系统和全面的梳理。这也是目前国内哲学界研究马克思主义哲学发生史的一个较新的理论视角。 从《博士论文》到《莱茵报》时期，是马克思市民社会理论的铺垫和萌芽时期。马克思批判地继承了黑格尔哲学的思有同一性原则，主张哲学与现实之间的相互作用，强调真理的客观性和对事物本质的把握，这一思想倾向的发展使马克思与青年黑格尔派的自我意识哲学走向了公开决裂，并在对现实物质利益关系的思考中对黑格哲学的理性原则发生了质疑，从而以萌芽的状态预示了马克思未来思想发展的主要趋向。 从《黑格尔法哲学批判》到《德法年鉴》时期，是马克思市民社会理论的哲学奠基及初步发展时期。在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中，马克思站在费尔巴哈哲学的一般立场上，以“主谓颠倒”来指证黑格尔整个法哲学体系的谬误，通过对黑格尔法哲学的批判，马克思奠定了自己市民社会理论的哲学原则即“市民社会决定国家”的立场。《德法年鉴》时期的马克思以“现实的人”为核心范畴，力图对市民社会与国家的二元对立和市民社会的异化本质加以揭示，初步阐发了无产阶级革命的思想。 在《1844年经济学哲学手稿中》，马克思诉诸于对市民社会的政治经济学批判。通过创立异化劳动学说，马克思深刻揭示出：私有财产是异化劳动的产物、结果和必然后果，私有财产所体现的劳动与资本的对立正是市民社会的“现实的矛盾”或“本质的矛盾”，这一矛盾构成了无产阶级和资产阶级对立的深刻基础，并表现着它们之间能动的、内在的联系。在《手稿》中，马克思对“历史之谜”、“认识之谜”的探索取得了重大进展，对唯物史观的创建做出了天才预言。 从《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》到《德意志意识形态》，是马克思把市民社会的政治经济学批判成果向新的哲学高度升华的过程。在《关于费尔巴哈》的提纲中，马克思指出，“世俗的基础使自己和自己本身相分离，并使自己转入云霄，成为一个独立王国”，这表明马克思已经看到市民社会作为经济基础对包括意识形态和政治结构在内的上层建筑的决定作用，只不过还没有能够用准确的术语加以表达。在《德意志意识形态》中，马克思指出，“在过去一切历史阶段上受生产力制约、同时也制约生产力的交往形式，就是市民社会”，从而开始将市民社会概念与正在形成中的生产关系概念相衔接，在此基础上，马克思阐发了唯物史观的基本原则。 从《哲学的贫困》到《共产党宣言》的发表，是马克思的市民社会理论正式与生产关系理论相衔接并导引出唯物史观之公开问世的阶段。在《哲学的贫困》中，“生产关系”的科学概念得以确立，马克思系统阐述了生产力与生产关系的辩证运动规律，这标志着在《德意志意识形态》中作为交往关系理论的马克思市民社会理论与生产关系理论实现了正式衔接，马克思的市民社会理论由此延伸到生产力与生产关系的辩证关系原理之中，熔铸为唯物史观的一个核心原则。在《共产党宣言》中，马克思和恩格斯揭示了资本主义社会必然灭亡、无产阶级革命必将胜利的社会发展规律，为无产阶级的革命斗争指明了方向。这一科学结论的得出正是把生产关系理论与革命实践相结合所产生的伟大成果。 马克思市民社会理论的奠基、发展并走向唯物史观的创立，离不开黑格尔哲学与费尔巴哈哲学的熏陶与引导。但无论是黑格尔还是费尔巴哈，都受制于其哲学体系的整体局限性，不能够对市民社会的本质及历史作用进行正确的揭示。马克思市民社会理论的发生发展过程，也是马克思超越黑格尔和费尔巴哈的过程。马克思以唯物主义的基本立场解剖析市民社会的结构和本质矛盾，把市民社会的物质生产实践作为全部历史之基础，使哲学思辨终止于现实生活面前，实现了作为“历史科学”的唯物史观之创建。
Marx regarded the civil society as "the original cradle and stage", and tried to "interpret varieties of theoretical products and consciousness form, such as religion, philosophy and morality, to go back to their history on the base of civil society." At the same time, he insisted that the historical materialism fundamentally distinguish from the previous history view in whether to consider the civil society as the actual base of history. All those show that the theory of civil society was a fundamental clue which ran though the formation of Marx"s historical materialism.Form the view of the development of Marx"s thought, Marx used the concept of civil society in two senses. One is that, during the period from to , Marx meant bourgeois society by civil society. In after , Marx interpreted civil society as "the communicative form conditioned by as well as conditioning the productivity in the all previous historical stages." In , Marx further defined the concept of productive relationship exactly, and systematically described the dialectical movement of productivity and productive relationship. In such a way, the concept of productive relationship, that of communicative form, and that of civil society are synonymous.In this dissertation, I distinguish the narrow and the broad meaning of the concept of civil society according to its development. I believe this distinction is an original idea. The theory of civil society in the narrow sense, which was established in the period of and "Deutsche-Franzoesische Jahrbuecher", constituted the philosophical basis of the theory of civil society. The theory of civil society in the broad sense includes that theory in the narrow sense, but its principal part consisted in the fact that Marx discovered the essential contradiction of civil society through the critique of political economics in the period from to and he, in virtue of the discovery, established the historical materialism. In this dissertation, I would use the concept of civil society in the broad sense. By the way, in , Marx still meant "bourgeois society" by "civil society", but his deep anatomization of varieties of social relationship in civil society went beyond the abstract analysis of civil society, and such anatomization indirectly led to the establishment of historical materialism, so Iascribe the concept of civil society in this work to that one in the broad sense.In my dissertation, following the development of Marx"s thoughts which began with and ended in , I systematically explain how Marx linked the theory of civil society to the theory of productive relationship, and how he established his historical materialism. I believe this perspective is an original one in the study of Marxists philosophy"s genesis.From to : the preparation of Marx"s theory of civil society. Marx criticized and inherited Hegel"s principle of the consistency of thoughts and being, so he insisted on the interaction of philosophy and reality, and stressed the objectivity of truth and the grasp of the essence of things. Such a tendency led Marx to break from the self-consciousness philosophy of younger hegelism, at the same time, he began to ponder on the real material relationship and to oppugn the principle of rationality of Hegel"s philosophy, which promised the further development of Marx"s thoughts.From to : the philosophical foundation and preliminary development of Marx"s theory of civil society. In , Marx, on the general base of Feuerbach"s philosophy, pointed out that the falsehood of the whole philosophy of Hegel lay in the so-called "reversal of subject and predicate". Through his critique of Hegel"s political philosophy, He established the philosophical principle of his theory of civil society, that is, the civil society conditions the state. In the Period of , Marx tried to disclose the duality of civil society and state, and the alienation essence of civil society, and then he explained his thoughts of proletariat revolution.In , Marx turned to critique of political economics of civil society. Marx founded the theory of alienation labor, which showed that private property is the product, result and necessary consequence of alienation labor, and the contradiction between labor and capital, which was embodied in the private property, was the actualized contradiction and the essential contradiction of civil society, and it is this contradiction that constituted the deep base of the contradiction of proletariat and capital class as well as manifested the spontaneous and immanent relationship. In the Manuscript, Marx"s exploration of "the puzzle of history" and "the puzzle of knowledge" made great progress, and a genius forecast for the rise of the historical materialism was made. From to : the result of critique ofpolitical economics was refined philosophically. In , Marx pointed out that, "the secular basis lifts off from itself and establishes itself in the clouds as an independent realm". From this, we can see that, Marx had caught a glimpse of the fact that civil society as the economic foundation conditioned the whole superstructure involving ideology and political structure, but he couldn"t express it with exact concept. In , Marx said, "civil society is just the communicative form that was conditioned by as well as conditioned the productivity." Here he began to join the concept of civil society with that of productive relationship which remained still in the formation. Based on this, he expounded the fundamental principle of historical materialism.From to : the formal link of the theory of civil society to that of productive relationship, and the subsequent naissance of the historical materialism. In , the concept of productive relationship was established, and Marx expounded the dialectical law of productivity and productive relationship, which symbolized that the theory of civil society as the theory of communicative relationship in formally joined the theory of productive relationship. So the theory of civil society entered into the principle of the dialectical relation of productivity to productive relationship, and formed an essential principle of the historical materialism. In , Marx and Engels discovered the social movement law, which determined the destined end of capitalism society as well as the necessary success of proletariat revolution. Through this discovery, they theoretically prepared path for the proletariat revolutionary struggle. Such a scientific conclusion was the significant consequence from the join of the theory of productive relationship with revolutionary praxis.The foundation and development of Marx"s theory of civil society and the consequent establishment of historical materialism couldn"t break away from the edification and instruction of the philosophy of Hegel and that of Feuerbach. Because of the general limit of their system, both Hegel and Feuerbach couldn"t disclose the essence and historic effect of civil society. The process of the rise and development of Marx"s theory of civil society is just that of his going beyond Hegel and Feuerbach. From the fundamental standpoint of materialism, Marx anatomized the structure and elementary contradiction, and regarded the material praxis as the base of all history, and let philosophic speculation end in actual life, in virtue of which the historical materialism was founded.
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