论文标题:从《纽约时报》看美国的“新闻平衡”
Exploring American "Journalistic Balance" by Analyzing "The New York Times"
论文作者 陈小枚
论文导师 刘家林,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 新闻学
论文单位 暨南大学,点击次数 135,论文页数 60页File Size2694k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_153538652/ 新闻平衡;议程设置;媒体启动;媒体架构;《纽约时报》;美国媒体
journalistic balance agenda-setting media priming media framing;"The New York Times";American Media
一向以独立的自由主义媒体自居的美国新闻媒体信奉新闻平衡，相信其报道的平衡性，并引以为豪。美国媒体的重要代表之一，《纽约时报》以“客观、公正、不偏不倚”著称，其报道看似平衡。本文首先界定了新闻平衡的概念、前提条件及衡量标准，再以议程设置、媒体启动、媒体架构三个传播学理论为指导，采用归纳论证法，对《纽约时报》的2003年美伊战争报道专题进行内容分析。分析发现，《纽约时报》将其倾向和立场隐藏在巧妙的信息处理技术中——通过议程设置、新闻启动和新闻架构，把一些观点灌输给读者，阻止另一些观点产生。这表明《纽约时报》并非真正具有新闻平衡，并非真正“客观、公正、不偏不倚”。本文对美国媒体的延伸观察也表明，美国其他主流媒体，如《华盛顿邮报》、CNN等的国际、国内新闻报道也并不平衡。文章认为，没有绝对的新闻平衡，因为任何政治制度下，媒体都无法摆脱政府的舆论调控、经济压力、受众的压力和媒体自身的限制等因素的影响，因而，媒体不会停止各种可能导致新闻失衡的宣传。另外，文章指出，美国媒体高明的新闻信息处理技术很值得借鉴。
American media believe in journalistic balance, claiming themselves to be independent and liberalistic. They don"t doubt their so-called balanced reporting that they are proud of. One of the most prestigious news media in the US, "The New York Times", has been famous for its "objective, fair and unbiased" reporting that seems balanced. However, my content analysis shows that "The New York Times" is not really balanced in its reporting the 2003 Iraqi War. In fact, its orientation and stand well exist in its delicate news management techniques, i.e. persuading its readers into believing some views and neglecting others by agenda-setting, news priming and news framing. The content analysis was carried out by means of epagoge and with the guide of the theories of agenda-setting, media priming and media framing after defining journalistic balance, its preconditions and criteria. The dissertation is later extended to a wider observation of the American media, which again proves that American journalistic balance doesn"t really exist. It is revealed that unconditional journalistic balance never exists because of the following four factors: the government"s need to control public opinion, media"s economic pressures, pressures from the audiences and media"s limitations and restraints. Therefore, media can never keep from propagandizing, which probably leads to journalistic unbalance. The dissertation also suggests that the advanced news management techniques that American media often use in their reporting are worth critical learning.
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