论文标题:罗马共和国时期的廉政初探
On the Current Situation and the Development Countermeasures of Employment for P.E. Majors in Shan Dong Province
论文作者 耿寿辉
论文导师 田德全,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 世界史
论文单位 曲阜师范大学,点击次数 224,论文页数 46页File Size2034k
2004-04-02论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_15442422/ 罗马共和国;廉政;兴衰
Roman Republic, honest administration, flourish and decline
有关罗马共和国时期廉政建设的研究，尚属新的课题。共和早期，民风纯朴，政治清廉；随着罗马大扩张运动的成功进行，罗马社会财富剧增，物质文明大发展的同时，廉政开始衰败，腐化之风日甚；到共和末叶，在暴力的肆意践踏下，共和廉政彻底败亡。本文试图将罗马共和国时期的廉政，从廉政思想、廉政成就、廉政的衰败、兴衰原因等四个方面，作一横向考察，以就教于史学界。 共和国时期的罗马人持有什么样廉政观，直接制约着其廉政建设的进行和成就。以波力比乌斯、西塞罗、加图等为代表的罗马人，结合自己的见闻考察和军政实践，提出了一系列影响深远的廉政思想。具体包括：分权制衡思想、法纪治国思想、崇尚节俭思想。这些宝贵的思想是罗马人政治智慧的结晶，它们产生于罗马共和国的政治实践，同时又反作用于罗马的政治实践，指导着罗马的廉政建设。 伟大的罗马人在共和国的前三个世纪里，创立了一系列廉政制度和原则，廉政建设取得了辉煌的成就。(一)廉政官制。主要是指罗马官吏的选举制、任期制；(二)国家权力的制约监督机制。具体包括元老院、执政官、公民大会三种权力机关之间的权力制衡机制，平民对贵族权力的等级制衡机制以及三权力机关之外的权力监督机制。(三)廉政立法。主要涉及规范官员和政府行政行为和反对腐败尤其是行省腐败等方面。(四)加图的反腐倡廉运动。这是共和廉政史上的光辉一页。 公元前2世纪以后，共和廉政开始衰败。有关其衰败表现笔者主要从权力主体和政治机制两个层面进行考察，具体表现有四：奢侈腐化盛行，贪污受贿代替清正廉洁，权钱交易充斥政治活动，国家权力逐渐从分立走向集中。广大统治阶层的腐败严重扭曲了政府和社会的运行方式，国家的统治机能出现故障，腐败肆意泛滥，廉政在金钱和暴力的蹂躏下彻底败亡。 共和时期的廉政经历了由盛而衰的过程，其兴盛的原因主要是：传统的公民精神和社会道德为其提供了思想保障，王政后期的专权腐败是罗马人建设廉政的直接动因，平贵斗争是共和政治清廉的强大动力，共和早期政权的运行方式为其提供了制度保障。其衰败的原因主要是:城邦所有制的破坏使其丧失原有的经济基础;政治文化发生变异，共和廉政丧失了思想精神基础;共和时期罗马社会阶级关系的变化加速了共和廉政的衰败;大征服运动开辟了新的财富和权力来源，为腐败提供了更多的机会。
The topic of honest administration during Roman Republic is a new problem for study. In the early days of Roman Republic, it was simple in folkways and incorruptible in politics. As the successful proceeding of Roman expansionism, the social health went up quickly, while the honest administration was beginning to decline. The quicker the material civilization developed, the worse the corruption was. At the end of Roman Republic, the honest administration was defeated and destroyed completely under the willful trample of violence. This paper will try to make a horizontal investigation of four aspect of Roman Republic honest administration, i.e. its ideology, achievement, decline and cause of rise and fall, in order to gain some instructions from historiansThe views held by Roman Republic people directly restricted the progress and achievement of the honest administration. By combining what they saw and heard, their investigation and practice in military affairs and politics, Polibius, Cicero, Cato the Roman representatives pointed out a series of ideology which produced a great impact in the future .Their ideology included: distributing power to keep balance, managing state affairs by laws and disciplines, advocating industry and thrift. These valuable thoughts were a crystallization of Romans" wisdom in politics. They were born in political practice and at same time reacted on it, and guided the honest administration.During the first three centuries of Roman Republic, great Romans created a set of systems and principles and made brilliant achievement on honest administration. 1. Civil service system. It mainly referred to the system of election and assuming term for government officials. 2. The mechanisms of restricting and supervising state power. They included mechanisms among three kinds of power organ, i. e. the Senate, the consul, the popular assembly, and that of social estate between the populace and nobles, and mechanisms among other power organs. 3. Legislation. It mainly involved standardizing the behaviors ofofficials and government administration, and advocating incorruption, especially in province. 4. Cato"s movement in fighting against corruption and advocating incorruption. It was a splendid page in the history of Roman Republic"s honest administrationAfter 2nd century BC, the honest administration began to decline. The author gives a brief analysis about its manifestation at the level of main body of power and political mechanism. The following are its four manifestations: the rampancy of extravagance and waste; embezzling and taking bribes instead of uprightness and incorruption; power and money dealing in political activities; and concentration of the national power. The corruption of the ruling class severely distorted the operation of the government and society. The function of the national dominance was out of order and corruption was in flood. The honest administration declined completely under the heel of money and violence.The honest administration at the age of roman Republic, as other historical phenomena, underwent the process of prosperity and decline, There were several causes for its flourish: traditional citizen spirit and social morality provided ideological guarantee; the monopoly of power and corruption in the later reign period of the King (Rex) were the direct cause; the struggle between the populace and the aristocrat was its motive force; and the operating way of the state power in the early period of Republic provided systematic guarantee. There were also several main causes for its decline: the destroy of the system of made it lose the economic basis; the change of the politics and culture destroyed its ideological basis; the change of the relationship of the social classes in Republic period accelerated its decline; the Conquest tapped new financial and power resources, which provided more chances for corruption.
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