论文标题:民国时期山东土匪问题论析
Discusses and Analyzes about Shandong Bandit during China Republic Period
论文作者
论文导师 吕伟俊,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 山东大学,点击次数 435,论文页数 79页File Size4547K
2007-10-20论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_16130307/
bandit problem;; China Republic period;; social regulation and control;; Shandong
本文以1912－1935年间的山东土匪问题为研究对象,以历史唯物主义为指导,运用历史学、政治学以及社会学的研究方法,通过对相关史料的梳理、分析和研究,力求揭示山东土匪武装的分布,其行为对社会的危害,从社会控制论角度阐释土匪勃兴的缘由,希冀以区域性的个案研究,加深对这一时期山东社会的认识。 土匪以聚众抢劫为生、残害人民,是民国时期一个严重的社会问题。特别是民国初期,山东股匪成群,匪患惨重,是全国的重匪区之一。根据有关资料统计,1912－1935年间,山东省内107县中的85个县份都曾有土匪武装盘踞,势力较大的土匪武装共有372股。该时期的土匪武装,不仅人数多,规模大,种类全,而且拥有大量的现代化武器装备,有着比较完备的组织形式。 山东股匪备具枪支弹药,攻城、陷寨、毁村,杀人、放火、奸淫,绑架、勒赎、抢掠,从事危害社会而谋取个人私利的活动,成为社会的一大人为祸害,猖獗至极点,严重威胁地方治安,乃至中央政府的统治。所以,肃清土匪就成了当时山东当局的一项重要施政活动。但是由于没有铲除产生土匪的腐败政治、经济根源,匪患这一社会现象也不可能从根本上消灭,只能头痛医头,脚痛医脚,所谓肃清,只不过是一时的平静而已。 土匪的蜂起有着深刻的历史原因。就政治背景来讲,民国初期,军阀争霸,政潮迭起,政局动荡不安,国家政治权威丧失,整个社会处于急剧动荡之中,这为土匪的滋生提供了温床;而地方官员吏治窳败,勾结士绅欺压百姓,畏匪如虎,推委责任,“始而讳盗,继而纵盗,相习成风”,有的甚至借匪敛财,致使当地匪势蔓延。就军事背景来说,该时期山东处于杌陧动荡、扰攘纷争之中,各派军事势力之间混战频繁,破坏了农民赖以生存的经济基础,造成大量的难民,无以为生的难民,为求生路,遂走上打家劫舍之路;一旦战事失利,溃败兵、遣散兵、哗变兵等大量涌现,他们手握武器,在没有其他谋生手段的情况下,便上山落草;更何况平时军队纪律松弛,抢掠扰民事件层出不穷,甚至有官兵纵匪、通匪以及扮匪抢掳以谋财等等状况,从而形成了“兵匪莫辨之现象”;况且整天面对战争使的下层民众的军事素养在耳濡目染中上升,更加深化了人们思想里原有的黩武主义的理念,这一切都为土匪的蜂起提供了外部诱因。就经济状况而言,人多地少,苛捐杂税繁重,经济盘剥严重,灾荒频繁,多种因素纠合在一起,致使山东农业日益衰弱,农村经济破产,大量农村人口被强行与土地隔离,形成了“老弱填沟壑,少壮铤而走险”,流而为匪的现象。伴随着社会危机的不断深化,难民、流民人数日渐增多;崇尚暴力背景下扭曲的攀比心理以及落后的教育状况和彪悍、尚武、不训的民风,是为近代山东多匪的社会背景。 民国初期山东土匪兴盛本身是中国半殖民地半封建社会政治危机、经济危机、社会危机深化的一个重要体征。辛亥以还,民国肇造,社会规范新旧更替,国家权威削弱,体制内秩序缺失,社会资源分配失序,人们对社会整合方向迷失,各种越轨行为遂频频发生。由于社会调控措施无力直至丧失,集体性的越轨行为未能得到及时矫治,越轨者所获得的社会报酬便吸引更多的人跟进,加入了越轨者队伍。这种示范效应使得人们在越轨或欣赏越轨报酬时相互暗示、模仿和激励,进而愈演愈烈,这应该是该时期各地土匪势力蜂起的内在原因。因此,社会变革时期,社会现象的存在及发展就客观地提出了必须强化社会调控,保持社会稳定的迫切要求。
Under the guidance of historical materialism and the study approaches of history, politics and sociology, this thesis discovers the bandits from panoramic view in Shandong Province in 1912-1935 period. Makes every effort distribution which promulgates the Shandong bandit to arm, its its harm to society. Explains the reason from the social regulation and control angle which the bandit grows vigorously.The purpose of this thesis is to strengthen the knowledge of Shandong society of this period by the local case study of the bandits. The bandits lived on robbery and brought sever harms to the local people, and they became a big social problem, especially at the beginning of Republic of China, there were bands of bandits in Shandong Province, and Shandong was a center of bandits. By statistics, there were bandits in 85 of the 107 counties in Shandong Province and the biggest band was 327 of bandits. In this period, the bandits were in large numbers and large scales with modern weapons, they were well-organized. The bandits, weapons and arms, was a big harm to the society by attacking the cities, killing the civilians, raping, kidnapping, robbing and various activities for private interests and benefits, greatly threatening the administration of both local and central governments. Therefore it was an important administrative activity to clear off the bandits in Shandong Province.But there were not measures of eradicating the political and economic roots of bring about the bandits, thus the bandits could not be cleared off once and for all. The so-called "clearing off the bandits" was but a contemporary measure. There were sophisticated historical reasons to the rise of the bandits. In its political background, in the beginning of China Republic, there were the army officials pursuing powers and turbulent political struggles, and whole China was in a up-down state, all these paved the way for the rise of the bandits. For the local officials, they robbed the civilians and feared the bandits and escaped their responsibilities for defending the civilians against the bandits, some even went out of their way to become the aides for the bandits. For the military background, Shandong Province was in a riot state in this period, there were groups of warriors backing up different political groups, breaking down the economic setting that the peasants depended upon, thus creating large number of refugees. The refugees without any property went their way to become the bandits, and may defeated soldiers also became the bandits fro they had nothing to support themselves after being defeated in the war. What was even worse, soldiers became the bandits with the support of their officers to rob the property from the civilians, from the phenomenon of "hard to distinguish soldiers form the bandits". And the military sense of the civilians became strengthened in the midst of their seeing the military actions in their daily lives. For the economic factors concerned, little land for many people, heavy taxes and heavy economic burdens, consistent natural disasters all contributed to the worsening of the country economy and the agriculture in Shandong Province, large numbers of peasants were separated from their lands, thus giving birth to the rise of the bandits, forming "the old filing the ditches while the young becoming the bandits". With the deepening of social crises, the number of the refugees and the floating people became larger, the twisted mentality ideas under the worship of violence, the competing trends and the backward education formed the background of the rise the bandits. The boom of the bandits was an important feature of deepened political, economic and social crises in half-feudal and half-colonized society in China. Ever since the 1911 revolution and the beginning of China Republic, with the changes of social order, the weakening of national authority, the missing of the order with in the whole social order, and the unbalanced distribution of social resources, and people"s wonder of social re-organization, there were various disorders in China. Because of the misuse and the loss of the social coordinating measures, the mass disorder was not cleared off, and the return of the disorder doers were well paid off, attracting more and more in becoming the bandits. That such models became worsened in that period was the inner reason of the bandits in Shandong Province. Therefore in the social order changing period, the existence and the development of social phenomenon called for the urgent demands of strengthening social orders and maintaining social stability.
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