论文标题:浅论皖南地区青铜戈与矛
The Discussion to Bronze Dagger-axes and Spears of Southern Anhui
论文作者
论文导师 杨立新,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 考古学及博物馆学
论文单位 安徽大学,点击次数 200,论文页数 59页File Size8646K
2007-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_16329282/
southern Anhui;bronze dagger-axe; spear; cultural factor
相对于中原地区成批出土的青铜器来说，皖南青铜器数量少，一直只有一些零星出土，而且很多青铜器的资料也未公开发表，因此对皖南地区青铜器的系统研究就显得比较薄弱。 本文首先对皖南地区发现的西周和春秋战国时期的34件青铜戈以及34件青铜矛进行了类型学分析。根据这些兵器的不同类型，首先将青铜戈分为A、B、C三型，共十二式。其中A型戈有14件，为长条形援，直内，戈的援上刃与内上缘大体平行或在同一水平直线上，根据援和内等细部特征以及有无纹饰等特点，又可分为五个式别；B型戈有13件，长条形援，直内，戈的援上刃与内上缘不平行，根据援与刃的细部特征以及纹饰特点，将B型戈分为六个式别；C型戈共7件，此型戈型制基本相同，援较窄长，援中起脊，都为长胡或中胡，阑侧三到四穿，其中援穿为方形或圆形，在援穿上方有一鼻饰，长方形内，内上有一长条形穿，有的戈内上还有纹饰。 青铜矛可分为A、B、C、D、E五型，共十五式。A型矛数量最多，共有20件，矛身呈狭叶状，骹部銎口内凹。根据矛身叶的不同型制、骹部形状和长短以及纹饰等细部特征，初步将此型分为七个式别；B型矛为7件，矛身也为狭叶形，骹部銎口齐平，矛身多比较轻薄，B型矛基本可分为三个式别；C型矛仅3件，矛身多上窄下宽呈镞形或三角形，体较厚重，骹部銎口基本齐平，可分为三式，每件为一个式别；D型矛2件，这两件矛型制基本相同，此种型制的矛矛身也基本呈柳叶形，但矛身中脊为圆凸形，脊上起楞不通骹，骹呈圆形；E型矛仅有1件，矛身锋部呈尖弧形，中脊起棱直通骹，中脊及骹横断面作菱形，矛身两叶似侧翼，已残，銎口呈燕尾叉形。 皖南现已发现的青铜戈和矛很多都是征集或拣选而来，经过科学发掘的较少，所以缺乏地层以及伴生器物等有利于科学断代的依据。本文主要依据铜陵、青阳等几件出土于墓葬中，有伴生器物出土的几件器物以及周边地区出土的相关器物作为标准，对皖南这批青铜戈和矛的年代作出判断，并大致将这些青铜戈与矛分为三期：一期为西周中晚期至春秋早期，二期从春秋中晚期至战国早期，三期为战国中晚期。根据分期可以看出，皖南青铜戈和矛的发展进程基本一致。一期为发展时期，戈和矛类型较少，制作略显粗糙，比较质朴；二期是皖南青铜戈和矛的成熟和繁盛时期，器型和数量明显增多，制作技术也有明显的提高，很多器物制作比较精美；三期皖南青铜戈和矛的发展趋向于稳定，类型和存世数量比二期减少，制作上也更偏向于实用性。 在对皖南青铜戈和矛进行文化因素探讨时，把这批兵器分为甲、乙、丙三组，甲组为具有中原特征的兵器，乙组为带有楚文化地区特征的器物，丙组则是具有浓厚的吴越风格的兵器；并对皖南青铜戈与矛的一些自身特征以及皖南青铜兵器铸造技术进行了分析和初步探讨。 笔者认为，皖南在先秦时期作为吴越文化圈的一部分，在青铜兵器的制造上与江浙地区有密切的联系，但也有着自身的特色。首先，皖南地区青铜戈和矛的型式较多，发展序列明确，特别是A、B型戈和A型矛，从时间上来说更具有延续性；其次，皖南青铜戈与矛多数都具有吴越文化的特征，中原地区青铜兵器的风格在皖南青铜戈和矛的某些早期类型中有所体现，如AⅠ、AⅡ式戈以及D型矛；在BV式戈等后期的式别中也可以见到具有楚文化特征的器物；再次，皖南青铜戈与矛的某些器物也有着较鲜明的地方特色，有部分式别为周边地区所不见，如EⅠ式矛身两侧的似扉棱的形状，而EⅠ式戈在全身铸内凹的圆圈纹的装饰风格也很有本地特色，CⅠ和CⅡ式的短三角形矛在江浙、湖北以及中原等地区也没有发现，皖南地区则有可能是这些式别矛的发源地，而这些器物都体现了皖南青铜戈与矛的地方风格。
Compared with south of Yellow River area batches of bronze wares unearthed, southern Anhui bronzeware quantity are few, unearthed continuously and fragmentarily. A few of bronzeware materials are publically published, therefore it appears that research to southern-Ahui bonzeware is quite weak. This article first analyzes typologically 34 bronze dagger-axes and 34 bronze spears which discovered in southern Anhui from Western Zhou Dynasty and Autumn Period Warring States time. According to these weapons" different shapes, these bronze spears are divided into A, B, C three categories, altogether 12 types. The type-A includes 14 dagger-axes, with every dagger-axe structured by a long linearity Yuan and a straight Nei. The upper edge of dagger-axe" s Yuan is roughly parallel or in the identical horizontal line with the upper edger of Nei. According to the detailed characteristics of Yuan and Nei as well as whether there is characteristics decorative design in a utensil, these dagger-axes also can divide into five types; The type-B has 13 dagger-axes, with every dagger-axe with a long linearity Yuan and a straight Nei. The upper edge of Yuan is not parallel with the upper edge of Nei. According to the detailed characteristics of Yuan and Nei and the characteristics of decorative design in a utensil, the type-B dagger-axes can be divided into six types. The type-C altogether has 7 dagger-axes;they have the same shape. The Yuan is narrowly long and there is a bulge in the middle of it. The Hu is long or middle-sized. There are three or four Chuan in the side of Lan, and the shape of Chuan in the Yuan is square or circular. Also there is a nose-like ornament above the Yuan. The shape of Nei is rectangle on which there is a long linearity Chuan, sometimes with decorative design on it. The bronze spears can divide into A, B, C, D, E categories, altogether 15 types. The quantity of A-type spear is largest, altogether 20. The spear"s body takes the slender leaf-shape, the mouth of Jiao is concave. According to the different shape of the spear body, different shape and length of Jiao, and detailed decorative design and so on, type-A spears divides into seven types; The type-B has 7 spears. The spear body is also slender foliate-shaped;the mouth of Jiao is even; spear bodies are mostly quite frivolous. The type-B spears can basically divide into three types. type-C only has 3 spears, Its body is arrow-headed or triangle. The body is sick and heavy with the mouth of Jiao even. they can be divided into three types, one type each. Type-D has 2 spears, whose shapes is almost the same. The spear"s body also likes the leaf of willow tree, but the middle of the spear body bulges as circular; the ridge does not pass to Jiao, and the Jiao assumes circular shape. The type-E only has 1 spear, whose head is sharp arc. The median ridge gets up bank or ridge between fields running nonstop to Jiao, the median ridge and the cross section of Jiao makes the diamond-shape. Both side of spear body resembles the shape of flank, and already remnant, the mouth of which assumes the dovetail fork-shaped. Bronze dagger-axes and spears discovered in Southern Anhui province are all collected by the selecting, with a few by excavation, therefore lacks the stratum as well as the associated utensil, etc to speculate epoch scientifically. This essay mainly based on some Tunxi, Tongling, Qingyang, etc unearthed articles which have the associated utensil from which judgment of epoch can be made to this batch of bronze dagger-axes and spears. These bronze articles can be divided into approximately three categories by epoch. One is from mid and late Western Zhou Dynasty stage to early Spring and Autumn Period. The other issues from mid and late Spring and Autumn Period stage to early Warring States. The last one issues from mid and late Warring States stage. According to the division of epoches, development advancement of Southern Anhui bronze dagger-axe and spear are basically identical. In the first stage which is the developing period, their types are few and the manufacture is slightly rough and plain; The second stage witnesses those bronze articles" mature craft and flowering, their quantity increasing obviously, manufacture technology also improving, with many of those utensils made delicatedly; In the third ripe period, there is a decrease in both types and quantities of bronze articles.But it embody a practical tend of manufacturing. When discussed by cultural elements, bronze dagger-axes and spears can be divided into 3 fragments. The first group of weapons takes the area south of Yellow River characteristic; the second group of Chu culture utensils has local characteristics; the third group has the thick Wu and Yue kingdoms style weapon. The analysis and the preliminary discussion to southern Anhui bronze dagger-axes and spears as well as bronze weapon casting technology are also undertaken in this essay. Author believed that, southern Anhui in the pre-Qin period as a part of Wu and Yue kingdoms culture circle, has the close relation, in the bronze weapon manufacture, with the Jiangsu and Zhejiang area, but also has its own characteristics. Firstly, there are many types of bronze dagger-axe and spear in the southern Anhui area, and the development sequence is clear, especially for type-A and B dagger-axe and type-A spear which has natural continuousity in time;Next, southern Anhui bronze dagger-axe and spear mostly has characteristics of the Wu and Yue kingdoms culture; the south of Yellow River area bronze weapon style has embodied in the southern Anhui bronze dagger-axes and spears of certain early type, such as AⅠ、AⅡdagger-axe and D spear; there is also characteristics from Chu culture in some utensils. Dagger-axes and spears also has their own distinctions. Some types, such as EⅠspear and EⅠdagger-axe, are hardly seen in around area. For example, CⅠand CⅡspears are not discovered in Zhejiang Province, Hubei Province and south of Yellow River area. So southern Anhui area is possibly their original place. All these bronze dagger-axes and spears takethe local characteristics.
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