论文标题:环境主导注意项目运动员的视觉选择性注意特点研究
论文作者
论文导师 韩玉昌,论文学位 博士,论文专业 发展与教育心理学
论文单位 辽宁师范大学,点击次数 187,论文页数 125页File Size2528K
2007-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_16928102/
circumstance attentional type of athletes;;distraction stimulate;;Eye Movement Standards;;quantity;;novelty;;Event-Related Brain Potentials
运动领域中的选择性注意是指,运动主体心理活动指向各种与动作技术完成相关的刺激,并对其做出选择应答的一种意识调节状态。作为心理活动的一种调节机制,选择性注意同意识是紧密相联的。事件相关电位(ERP)是突触后电位的总和,ERP反映了与刺激呈现时间同步的脑电活动的信号,ERP技术是进一步探索选择性注意加工过程的脑机制的非常重要的工具。眼动研究方法为运动领域的研究提供了一种即时(on-line)的研究技术。可以连续、即时地记录运动员的行为表现。本研究重点考察的是环境主导注意项目运动员的在运动中选择性注意的特点,采用眼动记录法研究运动员在空间线索化提示下和分心刺激新异程度条件下的选择性注意特点,找出不同主导注意类型项目的运动员之间在眼动指标上的差异之处;应用ERP对运动员的选择性注意的神经机制进行探索性研究,考察环境主导注意型项目的运动员与主体主导注意型项目运动员在行为实验和眼动指标的差异是由脑区的激活位置不同,还是由于激活强度不同造成的。 研究结果表明:(1)环境主导注意项目运动员在多信息整合加工中的优先效应明显优于普通人。选择反应速度能力明显快于普通大学生;拥有较好的选择性注意灵活性;能很好的降低注意损失;错误率较高但保持在允许范围内。各组被试都表现出随着任务难度的增加,投入的资源更多。 (2)环境主导注意项目运动员、主体主导注意项目运动员和普通大学生受新异刺激(颜色)、线索提示和分心物数量三因素影响的变化规律接近一致。均表现出在有效线索提示和新异目标刺激时具有选择性注意的优先权。随着分心刺激数量的增多,除了“无效线索-颜色新异刺激不变”情况下采用系列加工搜索以外,其余条件均为平行搜索模式。 (3)环境主导注意项目运动员在不同分心刺激数量和分心刺激新异程度的研究中,同普通大学生相比,在认知任务的判断过程中的眼动模式特点为:注视时间短。注视次数更少,大幅度眼跳和很少回视。注视轨迹比较简单和集中,注视频率高,每次的注视点持续时间短,采用了相对合理的注视策略。环境主导注意项目运动员的信息加工效率更高,在注意特征和搜索策略上更具有整体性特征,能进行有效的建构,在同时性加工过程中能够整合更多的信息,整合质量比较高。 (4)在分心刺激数量和分心刺激新异性的ERP研究中,发现各组被试均有激活N85、P150和N400。环境主导注意项目运动员的N85、P150和N400平均波幅高于主体主导注意项目运动员和普通大学生。环境主导注意项目运动员在不同数量分心刺激任务的判断中,对信息量的采集、接受特异性感觉信息的能力、信息传递与加工的能力、脑机能的整合能力等好于主体主导注意项目运动员和普通大学生。 (5)在分心刺激数量研究中,环境主导注意项目运动员的N85、P150和N400平均潜伏期短于主体主导注意项目运动员和普通大学生,表现出脑激活速度更快。而在分心刺激新异程度研究中,环境主导注意项目运动员的N85潜伏期明显短于其他两组被试,表明环境主导注意型运动员在选择性注意的早期对新异颜色激活迅速,而P150和N400潜伏期没有明显差异,从选择性注意的整体看,对颜色的激活在脑机制上没有表现出明显的优势。 (6)在分心刺激数量和分心刺激新异性的ERP研究中,环境主导注意型运动员、主体主导注意型运动员和普通大学生都表现出了在有效提示条件下的波幅大于无效提示条件下的波幅。环境主导注意型运动员在完成不同数量分心刺激的任务判断时,首先从枕叶的视觉皮质向颞叶和额叶传播,在整个完成任务的进程中,顶枕叶各电极点的激活强度大。 (7)眼动方法从行为反应层面上反映了选择性注意过程中的认知、判断等加工进程,ERP方法则从神经生理层面上反映了相应影响因素作用的时间进程。眼动方法与ERP方法的结合为运动过程中选择性注意的即时加工研究提供了理想的方法和手段。
The selective attention within the sport realm mean, athletes the direction of mental activity is various with action the technique completes the related incitement, and as to it"s do a choice should a kind of consciousness of the answer regulate the appearance. Selective attention is the a kind of mental activity to regulate the mechanism, is very close vinculum to consciousness. Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERP) is totality of potentials in posterior synapses and reflects the signals of electroencephalographic activities simultaneous with stimulation. The ERPs technology is a valuable means to further investigate the cerebral mechanism of selective attention. The eye movement is study the method to provide a kind of instant research technique for the research of the sport realm. It can continuous and coinstantaneous record the behavior performance of the athlete. This research point investigate is the circumstance attentional type of athletes, selective attention of characteristics in the sport. Adopt the eye movement to record the method research athlete under the condition that the space clues turns to hint under and divide attention stimulate new different degree of the selective attention characteristics, find out the athletes different predominance attention type item to move the place of the difference on eye movement standards. Applied ERP to study athletes, nerve mechanism, the difference that investigates the circumstance attentional type of athletes and individual attentional type of athletes to find out what lead difference. Study the result enunciation: (1) Circumstance attentional type of athletes is better than the common people, have another information integrate process of have the initiative the effect obvious. The choice responds the speed ability obvious faster than common university student. The agility of selective attention is well. The ability is good to lower the attentional loss. The mistake rate is higher but keep within the scope of allow. All groups subjects express along with the increment of the mission difficulty, the resources of the devotion is more. (2) Circumstance attentional type of athletes, individual attentional type of athletes is in accordance with the common university student, they all influence by distraction stimulates (color), the clues hint and divide attention the variety regulation of three factors. All express at the valid clues hints to stimulate with new different target have the priority of the selective attention. Along with distraction stimulates the quantity increase, in addition to under the invalid clues- new color the difference stimulate constant circumstance the adoption series processing search, the other condition all searches the mode for the parallelism. (3) In distraction stimulates quantity and distraction stimulates novelty research, the circumstance attentional type of athletes and common university student compare, the eye that is in judgment process cognize mission move the mode characteristics is: fixation time shorter, fixation point number of times less, significant extent eyes saccades and seldom regressive eye movement. Fixation track more simple and concentration, fixation frequency higher, the every time gaze point continuously time is shorter, adopting quite well fixation strategy reasonablely. The information of circumstance attentional type of athletes processes the efficiency higher, at notice the characteristic and search to have characteristic strategically and more, can carry on the valid construction, can integrate more informations in the same time process, integrate the quantity higher. (4)In distraction stimulates quantity and distraction stimulates novelty research of ERP, find out is every group all activate the N85, P150 and N400s. The circumstance attentional type of athletes, N85, P150 and N400s is higher in than individual attentional type of athletes and common university students. The circumstance attentional type of athletes in different quantity distraction stimulates judgment of stimulate the mission, to the information measure of collect, accept the particularity felling information ability, information deliver with the integration ability of processing ability, the brain function etc, better than individual attentional type of athletes and common university students. (5)In distraction stimulates the quantity research, the circumstance attentional type of athletes average delitescence of the N85, P150 and N400 is shorter than individual attentional type of athletes and common university students, express a brain activate speed sooner. But in distraction stimulates the new different degree research, the circumstance attentional type of athletes delitescence of N85 obvious shorter in other two groups, express that circumstance attentional type of athletes in the earlier period that the selective attention to new different color activate quickly, but the delitescence of P150 and N400s have no obvious difference, noticing whole from the selective attention, activate to the color and did not express an obvious advantage on the brain mechanism. (6)From distraction stimulates quantity and distraction stimulates novelty research ERP, the circumstance attentional type of athletes, individual attentional type of athletes expressed with common university students compared, all amplitude under the condition of effectively hint is higher than invalid hint. circumstance attentional type of athletes while completing the different quantity to distraction stimulates the exciting mission judgment, first from Occipital sense of vision cortex quality to Temporal and Frontal dissemination, in the whole progress mission, each electrode of Occipital activation strength. (7)The eye movement method to respond from the behavior the cognition, judgment...etc. these level reflected the selective attention process. The method of ERP is then from the nerve physiology level up reflection correspond the time progress of affect the factor function. The eye movement and method of ERP combined, is the ideal instrument and method for on-line processing of selective attention.
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