论文标题:WTO保障措施主要争议问题研究
Disquisition of the Proof-Losing-Right in Civil Lawsuit
论文作者 申琳
论文导师 史晓丽,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际法学
论文单位 中国政法大学,点击次数 66,论文页数 60页File Size3509k
2005-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_172469702/ 保险监管;行政主体;政府管制;宏观调控;非强制性行政行为
labor dispute; labor dispute settlement system; labor dispute arbitration
作为WTO的一种重要的贸易救济手段,保障措施被越来越多的成员方所援用,保障措施方面的争端也日益增多。保障措施争端的高发率以及被诉保障措施被认定为违法的高概率,使我们认识到对WTO保障措施的现有规则进行深入研究和探讨的必要性。本文从WTO保障措施争端案例所涉及的主要争议问题出发,以GATT1994第19条和《保障措施协定》的法律规定为基础,对专家组和上诉机构针对这些问题作出的解释以及有关学者的不同意见进行了分析探讨,以期明确WTO的保障措施规则,并为我国的保障措施立法和实践提供指导。 本文在引言部分阐述了WTO保障措施规则的法律框架,并分析了深入研究保障措施现有规则的必要性。其后分为两部分分别对WTO保障措施的主要争议问题和中国的保障措施制度进行了详细的阐述。 在第一部分,本文重点阐述了保障措施案例中出现争议最多的五个问题:(1)“没有预见的发展”;(2) 进口增长的认定;(3) 严重损害或严重损害威胁的认定;(4) 因果关系尤其是“非归因性”的认定;(5) “非歧视性”原则。具体如下: 第一,在“没有预见的发展”部分,本文从WTO成立之后GATT1994第19条和《保障措施协定》的关系出发,说明了在WTO成立之后成员方仍需表明存在“没有预见的发展”,并进一步分析了“没有预见的发展”的性质和含义。 第二,在“进口增长”部分,本文从有关学者针对上诉机构的解释所提出的质疑入手,分析了《保障措施协定》中的“进口增长”在数量上和性质上的要求,指出WTO保障措施规则所要求的“进口增长”的模式并不是单一的,一种进口模式只要从性质上和数量上满足了《保障措施协定》的要求就可以认定与《保障措施协定》一致。 第三,严重损害或严重损害威胁的认定。这部分主要阐述了两个方面的问题,一个是上诉机构对“有理及充分的解释”这一义务的分析存在不足,另一个是成员方在认定国内产业损害时有义务明确国内产业所处的具体状态是“严重损害”还是“严重损害威胁”,而不能笼统的说国内工业遭受了“严重损害或严重损害的威胁”。 第四,在“因果关系”问题上,本文在归纳了上诉机构就这一问题所确立的一系列规则之后,重点评述了有关学者对上诉机构的“非归因性”分析提出的不同意见,支持了上诉机构所确立的“非归因性”分析规则,并在上诉机构分析的基础上对“真实而实质性的因果关系”的含义进行了分析和阐述。 第五,“非歧视性”原则和“平行性”要求,该部分首先指出了某些关税同盟
The rights of civil servant are the most components of official system, and are one element of legal relation. To define the civil servant legal relation is the embodiment of the rule of law, In contrast with consideration of the protection of person who is ruled, we should pay more attention to the protection of civil servant"s rights. To protect the rights of civil servant, the redemption system has been set up to protect the civil servant in the countries where the rule of law has been established. We are accustomed to believe that the relationship of civil servant is internal administrative actions, thus the redemption is absent. At the same time the theory about the protection is scarcity, civil servant can not be protected. The civil servant law will issue, it is very meaningful to discuss the protection of civil servant"s rights, only do you define the scope of civil servant rights, then the rights can be protected, in the following I will analysis the civil servant legal relation from several aspects, and I will give a new aspect to consider this relation. To review the modern theory, I discuss it in the historical and actual conditions and compare the civil servant systems of different countries and get the conclusions and revelations. Finally I give my suggestion to construct the civil servant system. I will divide my paper in four partsFirstly, the rights and related concepts of civil servant. I will discuss the definition of the civil servant, to compare the definition of civil servant in England, France and Japan , USA, then I give the definition considering the civil servant law that will be issued, I will definite the rights of civil servant and give the classification of the rights.Secondly, the influence of the definition. It is easy to grasp the nature and core of the norms of civil servant to definite its legal relation and is the most important to relief civil servant. There are many kinds of theories to affect the civil servant legal relation. In this part I will mainly discuss labor contract theory and the theory of special jurisdiction relationship, especially the latter.Then I conclude the nature of civil servant.Thirdly, the system to protect the civil servant. I will discuss theredemption system from the historical aspect. Then I introduce the status today in China and review it, thus I build a foundation to perfect the right system.Finally, to perfect the right system. I compare the right system of civil servant in different countries and get the trend of it. I hope to give a constructive suggestion to the right system in China. Then I give a plan of the redemption, that is to perfect and construct consistent judicial system to protect the rights of civil servant, to strengthen the procedure system when they executive the rules such as the hearing and to set up judicial system.
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