论文标题:吉林省贫困问题研究
The Study of Poverty of JiLin Province
论文作者 刘慧
论文导师 张占彪,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 社会学
论文单位 吉林大学,点击次数 25,论文页数 55页File Size470k
2004-09-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_174112667/ 贫困 ; 共同富裕 ;对策
owners; thermo-supply net reconstruction; engineering project; management mode; support system
贫困的存在是不可避免的，几乎所有国家都将减贫作为经济生活中的重要活动，将贫困问题作为其所面临的最大难题。吉林省的贫困问题随着整个国家的经济发展而加剧。经济的发展带来了生活水平的提高及贫困标准的提高，在吉林省的贫困人口减少的同时，一些低收入人口会加入贫困队伍，增加贫困人口数量，同时市场经济的发展带来的下岗、失业等问题将继续存在，城市化及民工潮会使城市贫困问题更加严重。相比之下，农村贫困问题将会随着政府城乡一体化进程及扶贫力度加大、扶贫策略日益完善、城市化及劳动力转移，特别是现代农业的实施，提高了农民的收入而减轻。解决贫困问题是社会主义制度优越性的体现，是公民生存权、发展权的保障，是“共同富裕”的体现，也是国家安全的保障，正如伊莎贝拉指出的那样，假如越来越多的人被排斥在能够创造财富的、有报酬的就业机会之外，那么社会将会分崩离析，而我们从进步中获得的成果将会付之东流。国家必须使经济发展的成果为大多数人所共享，最终实现共同富裕。温家宝总理在全球扶贫大会上指出，我们将坚持以人为本，实现全面、协调、可持续发展，用十年时间解决少数贫困人口的温饱问题，进一步改善贫困地区的基本生产生活条件，巩固温饱成果，提高贫困人口的生活质量和综合素质，加强贫困乡村的基础设施建设，改善生态环境，逐步改变贫困地区经济、社会、文化的落后状况，为达到小康水平创造条件。 吉林省不像东南沿海地区那样历史上既有较为发达的农工商业，建国以后的高就业、重复建设形成了大量冗员，国有经济比重大，改革开放、产业结构调整、企业兼并重组、下岗分流使隐性失业状态显性化，自上世纪九十年代中期以来，结构性失业者大量涌现。经济不发达带来的社会保障机制不健全、政府调控能力弱化都促使了贫困问题的加剧。针对吉林省贫困问题存在的原因，当前我们要采取的反贫策略如下。第一，进一步深化改革，保持经济适度发展。消除贫困，最根本出路在于加快经济发展，一个国家经济发展水平的高低，直接决定人民生活水平的高低，具体表现为两种比例关系：一种是经济发展水平高低与人民生活水平的高低成正比，即经济发展水平愈高，人民的富裕程度愈高，反之亦然；另一种是经济发展水平高低与人民贫困程度高低成反比，即经济发展水平愈高，人民的贫困程度愈低，反之亦然。在农村，经济发展水平提高意味在农村实行现代农业，既可以增收，又可以改变单一的掠夺式的落后生产方式，在自然风光好或独特的地区积极发展休闲农业。对自然条件及自身条件难以通过开发式扶贫脱贫的贫困群体要实事求是地采取救助式扶贫。建议扶贫资金的使用还应该包括提高农村教育水平，普及九年制义务教育及逐步普及职业教育第二，推动收入分配制度的改革，加大公平的二次分配力度。在经济发展，社会财富增加后，分配问题必须解决。初次分配注重的是效率，二次分配注重的是公平，调节差距过大的收入，提高政府的转移支付能力，将过高的收入进行调节，用于弱势群体、弱势行业及弱势地区。具体地对一省来讲，应该提高占居民中大多数的中等收入群体的收入水平，这样，能从分配的结果上，较好地解决收入不平等问题，保持社会安定，又能在保持效率的前提下实现共同富裕。第三，增加就业机会。是各国政府的最优先考虑。目前吉林省劳动力市场上供大于求的矛盾十分突出，从中、短期趋势来看，就业压力呈现增加态势。“十五期间”城乡新增劳动力将升至顶峰。具体来看，我们应该加大再就业扶持政策和落实力度，充分发挥优惠政策在促进就业方面的巨大潜力。第四，健全社会救助理体系，减轻和疏缓社会压力。首先，积极争取国家出台区域社会政策，依靠“有形的手”调控、引导和推动我省社会要素在更深、更高、更广的领域与经济发展建立相互配合的合理关系。其次，切实解决催发社会型内生力的问题。通过发展民营经济来营造民众创业和致富的有利条件，提高整个社会应对转型的能力和能量。贫困问题将会长期存在，不可能在短期内彻底改变解决，随着时间的推移还会有新的问题出现、现有问题可能会加剧，我们必须有充分的思想准备。建议在吉林省编制各类经济与社会发展规划时，将减少贫困及努力消除贫困（特别是城市贫困）纳入中长期发展规划。
The existence of poverty is inevitable. Almost all the countries consider reducing poverty as an important task in their economic life and they consider problem of poverty as the most difficult problem that they are facing. The problem of poverty in Jinlin Province becomes more serious as economic development of the whole country. Economic development brings about improvements of levels of life and standards of poverty. As the number of population that need poverty alleviation decreases, some people with low income join in the poverty groups, increasing the number of poverty population. Meantime, problems of laid-off and unemployment that are brought about by the development of market economy will continue to exist and the tide of rural workers with urbanization makes this problem more serious. Comparatively, as government makes more efforts for poverty alleviation, its policy improves day by day, the problem of poverty in countryside alleviates with urbanization and labor force shifting, and especially the implementation of modern agriculture greatly improves peasants’ income.To resolve the problem of poverty is the manifestation of the superiority of socialist system, the guarantee for citizen’s right to life and development, the manifestation of “common rich” and the guarantee for national safety. As Isabella points out, if more and more people are excluded out of fortune-creating paid employment opportunities, the society will fall into pieces and all achievements gained in the progress will lost. The country must make most of the people share the achievements of economic developments and finally realize common rich. In the global poverty alleviation conference, Premier Wen Jiabao points out, we insist on people-oriented, realize thorough, harmonious and sustainable development, solve the problem of food and clothing of some poverty population in ten years, further improve the conditions of living and working in impoverish areas, consolidate the achievements of food and clothing, improve living quality and general quality of the poverty population, strengthen infrastructure construction in impoverish countryside, improve ecological environment, change the lagged situations of economics, society and culture in impoverish areas and provide conditions for realizing well-off society. Unlike southeast coastal areas, Jinlin Province did not possess relatively developed agriculture, industry and commerce in history. After the country established, high employment and dual construction brought about a lot of redundant staff, the proportion of state owned economy becomes bigger. Reform and open up, industrial structure adjustment, enterprise merger and restructure, laid-off and redirection makes recessive employment conspicuous. Since mid nineties, structural unemployed workers appear in great number. The imperfect social security system by undeveloped economy and governmental control capacity weakening promotes the problem of poverty more serious. Aiming at the reasons why problem of poverty exists in Jinlin province, we should adopt the following policies to alleviate poverty at present. First, further reform and keep economy developing appropriately. The most fundamental way to eliminate poverty is to speed up economic development. The level of national economic development directly determines the level of people’s life, manifesting in two proportional relationships: one is that the level of economic development is in direct proportion to the level of people’s life, that is, the higher the level of economic development is, the richer the people are and vice versa; the other is that the level of economic development is in inverse proportion to the degree of people’s poverty, that is, the higher the level of economic development is , the poorer the people are and vice versa. From the aspect of resolving poverty in countryside, the improvement of economic development means that implementing modern agriculture in countryside can both increase income and change the backward single looting way of productio
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