论文标题:我国跳水项目优秀运动员竞技能力结构与选材研究
Research on Competitive Ability Structure and Identification of Elite Athlete about Diving in China
论文作者 王荣辉
论文导师 邢文华,论文学位 博士,论文专业 体育教育训练学
论文单位 北京体育大学,点击次数 602,论文页数 107页File Size5984k
2003-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_1773787/ 跳水,竞技能力,选材,指标体系
Dive,Competitive ability,Identification,System of index
本研究在查阅大量文献资料、广泛征求专家意见和数轮专家调查的基础上，结合跳水的特点，筛选出运动员竞技能力中29项形态指标、4项机能指标、5项素质指标、8项技术指标和5项心理智力指标，对男、女共182名专业跳水运动员进行测量。其中国家集训队员42名，省市队员140名，皆为二级以上运动员，健将以上占72.5％，世界冠军18名(共夺得49次世界冠军)。对测试对象的训练经历和以往成绩也进行了问卷调查，在此基础上揭示了跳水优秀运动员的成才年龄特征和竞技能力特征，并构建了跳水优秀运动员竞技能力结构模型，同时明确了跳水优秀运动员选材(高级选材)的任务和阶段特征，确立了选材的指标体系和权重，填补了跳水运动员高级选材的空白，以期为我国2008年奥运会后备选手的选拔，及各级跳水运动队的训练和选材提供参考。结论如下： 1、我国跳水运动员的成才年龄有以下特征：我国跳水选手的初练跳水年龄和专业训练年龄分别平均为7.5岁和10.7岁，并且有提前的趋势；我国跳水选手成为全国优秀选手的平均年龄跳台为14.5岁，跳板为15.3岁，台、板平均训练年限为4年左右。我国跳水选手成为世界优秀选手的平均年龄为跳台15.8岁，跳板16.8岁，跳台训练年限为5年，跳板训练年限为6年；我国跳水选手首获世界冠军的年龄平均为跳台16.0岁，跳板19.5岁，跳台训练年限平均为6.5年，跳板训练年限平均为8.9年。我国跳水运动员初训时间早和成材时间早是我国跳水项目保持强盛的成功经验之一。 2、跳水技术特点对运动员竞技能力的要求是综合的，全方位的，要求优秀运动员在形态、机能、素质、技术、心理和智力上有全面的发展。 (1)优秀跳水运动员的形态特征应为，身高中等略偏低，体重适中，只有身体上下身比例协调，肩略宽，躯干呈倒三角形，身体体脂较薄，围度适中，匀称，上下肢较长，小腿较长的特点。其中小腿长A／下肢长B*100指标可以作为竞技能力中的敏感指标用于优秀运动员的选材。 (2)跳水运动员的视网膜损伤是严重影响跳水运动员训练和健康的伤病，在专业运动员中占有一定比例，在选材时应予以重视；优秀跳水运动员血红蛋白水平较高，较低的血红蛋白水平会影响训练；平衡能力是跳水运动员的基本能力之一；优秀跳水运动员的时空感觉应准确、灵敏，有效、准确的时空感觉测定方法亟待开发。从优秀运动员选材的角度出发，眼底检查状况、血红蛋白水平和平衡能力应作为资格指标，入选跳水优秀运动员选材的指标体系。 (3)优秀跳水运动员需要有较大的手臂力量，较好的下肢爆发力，良好的腰腹力量和空翻能力，以及高度的灵敏协调性。其中，原地纵跳／身高*100(男子)，20次仰卧举腿计时、10次202C计时和30秒内连续快速变向跳具有鉴别性。 (4)优秀的跳板和跳台运动员在动作难度和技术质量_l.，明显优于一般专业队员，而且动作完成高度高，并有“后加速”的现象。在自选动作难度、自选动作得分和第2周下降高度上，指标具有鉴别性。 (5)优秀跳水运动员在赛前情绪、成就动机、注意力、意志品质、智力儿个方面的总体或部分维度上，都表现出优于普通专业队员的心理和智力特征。 3、在对优秀跳水运动员竞技能力特征分析的基础上，将优秀跳水运动员竞技能力中基础的、有鉴别性的指标，归纳为17个因子，少仁由此确定优秀跳水运动员竞技能力的主导因素，并以世界冠军为参照值，建立我国优秀跳水运动员竞技能力结构模型。 4、跳水运动员的选材应分为初级、中级和高级三个阶段。其中高级选材就是优秀运动员的选材。跳水优秀运动员的选材主要适JU于国家队或国家集训队队员的选拔。 5、在跳水优秀运动员竟技能力结构土导因素的基础l几，建立优秀跳水运动员选材指标体系，并确立了跳水优秀运动员选材指标的权重。
It is based upon looking up a great deal literature, soliciting experts" opinions from all sides, making several times expert"s investigation, combining with the characteristic of dives that the disquisition has sifted out 29 foam indexes, 4 function indexes, 5 quality indexes, 8 technique indexes and 5 psychology indexes. Including male and female 182 subjects were measured. All of them are second-class above, 42 of them coming from the assembly team of superiors (first-rate) in China, 140 coming from different province teams. Furthermore, there is more than 72.5% of the subjects to be elite athlete, and among them, 18 possessor of world championships title and 49 times winning world championships. By the questionnaire to get information about the training experiences and former achievements of all subjects, and based upon the results of the information, the study brings to light the competitive ability characteristic of elite diving athlete and the law of a player to become an elite diving athlete. Furthermore, the study sets up the competitive ability model of elite diving athlete. Meanwhile, it definitudes the tasks and phase characteristic of elite diving athlete identification, establishes the system of athlete identification indexes and fills up the blank to the advanced identification of diving athlete. In order to provide the positive reference to selecting the talent athlete in support to China 2008 Olympic Game and to the training and identification of all levels diving teams. The conclusions are as follows:1 、 The growing regulation of China diving athletes is: the average beginning training age is 7.5, and the professional training age is 10.7 years old, and even have the trend of younger; the average age of becoming national elite diving athletes that the platform is 14.5 years old, the springboard is 15.3 years old, and the training time limit of platform is 5 years and the springboard is 6 years. The average age of the first winning the world championship of China divining players that the platform is 16.0 years old, the springboard is 19.5 years old, and the average training time limit of platform is about 6.5 years and the springboard is 8.9 years. The earlier time of beginning training and the younger age of becoming elite player is one of the successful experiences to keep powerful and prosperous of diving in China.2、 the requisition of the tournament ability to diving technique characteristics is integrated and comprehensive, requiring elite athletes all develop at foam, function, quality, technique, psychology and aptitude.1) Elite athlete"s modality character is that stature is slightly low, having the body top and bottom body comparison moderate, and the shoulder is slightly broad, the trunk is inverse triangle, fattiness is thinner, only just right, well-balanced; the upper limbs, lower limbs and crus is longer. Among them,the length of crus A/ crura Bx100% can act as sensitivity index of competitive ability to use as athlete identification.2) The retina damnification of diving athlete is the injure of serious influence the training and health, Occupying the certain proportion in profession athlete, while athletes identification should give to value; elite diving athlete"s HB is higher and hypochromia will influence training; The equilibrium ability is an one of the basic abilities to the diving athlete; the time and space sense of elite diving athlete should be accurate and sensitive that valid and accurate measurement of time and space sense needs to be solved immediately.3) From the angle of elite athlete setting out, the eye bottom checking condition, hemoglobin level and Equilibrium ability should be done the standard of qualification to elite diving athletes, selecting into the system of athlete identification, and this three standards.4) Elite diving athletes demand a bigger arm strengh, a good waist and abdomen strength, the ability of flip and highly sensitivity and cooperativity.Among them, the vertical jumps/ height X 100%( male),
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