论文标题:对国际贸易体制与环境问题的评价与前瞻
Assessments and Prospects on International Trade Regime and Environmental Issues
论文作者 孙璐
论文导师 那力,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际法学
论文单位 吉林大学,点击次数 202,论文页数 49页File Size640k
2004-10-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_1878012/ 国际贸易;环境;发展中国家;世界贸易组织
Rural area conflict; Manage in the rural area;The construction of democratic politics at the basic level
本文是对环境与贸易在当今国际层面上的解决做出的简单分析和初步建议。 环境与贸易的关系是一个既具有理论深度也具有实践广度的问题。本文的第一部分简要的回顾了环境与贸易之争的历史。本文认为，1947年建立起来的关税与贸易总协定以及1995年作为其继承者出现的世界贸易组织(WTO)为世界经济的自由化作出了卓有成效的努力，但是包括该种安排在内的国际贸易体制长期对环境问题缺乏兴趣。随着环境危机的爆发以及基于环境理由的贸易措施出现了争端，国际贸易体制内的问题才真正引起重视。当今有些学者主张成立一个独立的世界环境组织来处理和解决环境方面的事项和争端，本文认为从节省成本的角度，由现有的WT0机制来解决环境问题更具有可行性。 在环境与贸易的问题上，发达国家(北方国家)与发展中国家(南方国家)一直在很多方面持不同甚至对立的态度。本文的第二部分简略的介绍了这种差异。发达国家主张在新一轮多边贸易谈判中更多的渗入环境事项，以强调这二者之间的融合；发展中国家则对于在新的多边贸易谈判中讨论环境问题热情不高，因为它们认为在WT0中讨论环境问题有可能像在乌拉圭回合中讨论知识产权问题一样，最终破坏发展中国家的发展能力，损害发展中国家的利益。 本文的第三部分分析了wT0与MEAs之间的关系。指出：WTO与MEAs存在着多方面的冲突和矛盾，这是环境一贸易问题难于顺利解决的主要原因。当前国际上存在的诸环境条约之中，有些与贸易有着较为直接的联系。由于这些公约在前提预设上就与WTO大相径庭，而且其约束程度也颇有差异，所以二者之间的关系显得错综复杂。WTO在处理二者关系的问题上采取了回避其间矛盾的基本立场，但是其具体协定关于涉及环境问题的规定以及在争端解决的过程中所建立的法律理论仍然对环境在贸易中的位置做出了评判。总体上可以认为，WTO是支持各成员依据环境理由而采取限制贸易的措施的，但是必须符合多边贸易体制的不歧视、透明度等原则。当然，事实上，各个具体问题显示出了WTO体制在环境事项上规范的含糊不清和运作上的模棱两可。正是基于此，新的一轮多边贸易谈判才意图在这方面多做努力。 在这一节点上，最主要的问题是如何在新一轮多边贸易谈判中确定环境的地位，并订立或修改相关的具体规则。本文的第四部分就针对这一问题提出了若干建议。建议分为15个方面：(1)鉴于风险预防原则已经成为国际环境法的基本原则，在WTO中亦应较为细致的予以界定。(2)在《执行卫生与植物卫生措施协定》的修订过程中，有必要通过可操作的规则划定风险评估的边界。(3)如同在国际环境法领域所认定的那样，贯彻共同而有差别的责任原则，在发达国家与发展中国家之间追求超越身份平等的实质公平。(4)为了解决WTO规则与现存的MEAs之间的冲突，有必要对GATT第二十条进行适当的修订。(5)在识别同类产品方面，有必要合理的定义和使用PPMs，避免以往单纯从功用和成分上辨别相同产品的情况。(6)生态标志与PPMs相近，对国际贸易具有重要的影响，WTO有必要对生态标志、特别是活性转基因生物的相关问题进行规范。(7)鉴于污染者偿付原则现已为很多国际环境条约所接受，在WTO规则的运作过程中应当贯彻和落实这一原则，特别是在边境税收调整领域应考虑如何适度的拓展。(8)在《补贴与反补贴协定》方面，应当进一步考虑与环境有关的补贴的允许范围及程度。(9)在《技术性贸易壁垒协定》领域，需要明确其适用的范围，这样有利于维护发展中国家的利益。(10)包括环境问题的很多问题最终是靠争端解决机制而处理的，也正是这一机制提供了考量和解释WTO相关协定的机会。因此，为了更有效的解决环境一贸易问题，有必要使WTO的争端解决在“判例法”的高度上继续发展。(11)由于不同的举证则会深刻的影响到争端解决的进程甚至结果，所以在WTO的发展过程中，宜于建立更为明确、均衡、合理的举证责任体系。(12)WTO作为国际组织，以GATT为代表的WTO诸协定作为国际条约，它们都需要在国际法的背景上进行认识。所以，在具体问题上，采用哪些材料、以何种方法对公约进行解释需要在总结以往经验的基础上再行完善。(13)知识产权与环境特别是公共健康息息相关。在多哈回合已经取得的进展基础上，发展中国家应通力合作，争取在将来的《TRIPS协定》中做出更明确的、更有利于发展中国家的修订。(14)国内禁止产品的出口是发展中国家一直深为忧虑的问题。因而，在新一轮谈判中如果能形成一部《关于控制国内禁止产品出口的协定》，明确各类国家的权利义务，特别是避免发达国家的商人为谋取利益而危害他国的环境及健康的行为，将会很有帮助。(15)仿照以往在多边贸易体制中吸入知识产权、服务和投资问题，现在的WTO可以考虑达成一部《与贸易有关的环境措施协定》，以避免单边行为的泛滥。 综上，由WTO来解决环境一贸易问题更为有利。人类的一切制度的终极目标都应当被设定为人类更长久和舒适的生存，现在WTO应当更好的进行反省和修正，以实现全球的可持续发展。
This thesis focuses on the conflict and coherence of trade and environment in modern world, makes a brief analysis and provides tentative recommendations.The relationship between trade and environment has both theoretical depth and practical significance. In the first part of this thesis, a short historical review of the discussion on environment and trade is made. As this part explores, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947 and the World Trade Organization (WTO) which set up in 1995 as the successor of the GATT have made effective efforts for the liberalization of world economy. However, international trade regimes including the GATT/WTO mechanism show inadequate emphasis on environmental effects in a very long period. Along with the burst of environmental crises and the emergence of trade measures based on environmental reasons, international trade regimes began to take account of environment issues. Now, some scholars advocate that a new and independent World Environmental Organization (WHO) should be established to deal with environmental policies and disputes; this thesis holds the view that it"s better to solve these problems by the established WTO system to save the cost.On many aspects in the issue of trade and environment, developed (northern) countries have different view with the developing (southern) countries. The second part of this thesis introduces such difference: the developed countries propose that more environmental issues should be considered in the new round of the WTO, so that the combination of trade and environment can be realized; while the developing countries are reluctant to discuss this in the framework of WTO for fear that such negotiation would be similar to the issue of intellectual property in Uruguay Round which is harmful to developing countries.The third part of this thesis discusses the relationship between WTO and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). It is pointed out that conflicts and contradictions exist in many aspects between the WTO and the MEAs, this forms the main reason that the problem of trade and environment is hard to solve. Among the environmental conventions in the world, some have direct effects on international trade. Because the MEAs have different premise compared with the WTO, and thebondage also differs, the MEAs and the WTO shows complicated connections. The WTO has a standpoint that the WTO rules respect the requirements of MEAs, but environmental issues involved in specific agreements and the jurisprudence established in the process of dispute settlement of the WTO still give assessment on the statue of environmental issues in international trade. It can be generally regards that the WTO supports environmental-related trade measures on condition that such measures conforms the principle of multilateral trade, namely non-discrimination, transparent and so on. But in fact, particular practices demonstrates that the WTO has not found a clear stand on environmental issues, and because of this more efforts should be made in this field in the new round of multilateral trade negotiation.From what has been shown in the proceeding parts, the main problem is how to settle the position of environment in trade mechanism. The fourth part of the thesis gives recommendations as follows: (i) Since the principle of precaution is already recognized as the basic principle of international environment law, it is considerable that the WTO rules give detailed regulations, (ii) During the amendments of SPS Agreement, the boundary of risk assessment system should be more clear and practical, (iii) Just as stipulated in many environmental agreements, the WTO should implement the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, seeking real equity beyond the equality of legal status, (iv) To solve the contradictions of WTO rules and MEAs requirements, amendments should be made to article XX of the GATT. (v) In the classification of "like product", it is necessary to reasonably definite and apply rules of PPMs, so to avoid only c
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