论文标题:论二十世纪二三十年代的中国民族史研究
The Analogy to Chinese Modern National Historiography of 1920-1930s
论文作者 张子辉
论文导师 王东,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 史学理论与史学史
论文单位 华东师范大学,点击次数 138,论文页数 63页File Size3305k
2005-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_189293512/ 中国民族史;田野调查;文化人类学;学术范式
Chinese National Historiography ;Field Investigation;Culture Anthropology;Academic pattern
众所周知,民族史是历史研究的重要组成部分。中国自古以来就是多民族的国家,不同历史时期生活在中国境内及周边的各民族,都对中国历史与文化的发展做出过重大的贡献。从很早的时期开始,中国的历史著述就注重对境内及周边地区各有关民族活动的记载。在中国传统的史籍中,甚至还出现了一大批类似于近代民族志之类的专门著作。然而,从总体上来看,传统史籍有关中国境内各民族活动的记述,大多失之简略(汉族除外),不少内容往往还带有道听途说的成份。特别是在儒家“内诸夏而外夷狄”的思想影响下,传统史家对周边少数民族大多抱有很深的歧见。唐代的杜佑就认为,“覆载之内,日月所临,华夏居土中,生物受气正。其人性和而才惠,其地产厚而类繁,所以诞生圣贤,继施法教,随时拯弊,因物利用。”至于华夏以外的其他各族,则“其地偏,其地梗,不生圣哲,莫革旧风,诰训之所不可,礼义之所不及。”在这种思想指导下,传统史家对周边有关民族的记述,很难谈得上客观或公正。 近代以来,在内忧外患的刺激下,民族史的研究与撰述日益受到学界的重视。尤其是到了二十世纪二三十年代,随着西方近代民族学、人类学和社会学等新兴学科理论与方法的传入,一大批学者开始从事于民族史的研究工作。王国维、梁启超倡之于前,李济、王桐龄、吕思勉、林惠祥等人继之于后。一时间,中国史学界推出了一大批具有近代学术范式意义的民族史论著。这些论著以近代的民族学理论为基础,一扫传统正史中“四夷传”的格局,以全新的视野和全新的方法,较为系统地重写了不同历史时期中国境内及其周边地区的民族史。揭示了中国境内各主要民族的发展态势以及民族文化融合的常规。正是在他们的努力之下,一个具有丰富内容和完整体系的新兴学科——中国民族史,就此宣告成立。 本文即以二十世纪二三十年代问世的中国民族史研究论著为考察中心,从史学史的角度,对这一时期中国民族史研究兴起的学术背景、发展过程、各家各派的理论建树、学术成就及其特点等,加以讨论。全文共分为三个部分: 第一部分为“中国民族史研究的兴起与发展”,该部分结合对中国民族史研究兴起的学术背景和发展过程的讨论,力图从总体上勾勒出这一时期中国民族史研究的发展进程和整体情况。
As we all know, the study of national history plays an important part in the field of historiography research. Being an ancient civilization of various nationalities, China enjoys all kinds of contributions made by the nationalities living both in and beside its territory for quite a long time. Chinese historical documents have attached great importance to their behavior since the very early years. Original specialized ethnic writings even came to existence among the traditional historical books during that time, but, those ethnic documents were too simple and doubtful, except those of Han national group. Besides this, ancient historians looked down upon the minor nationalities because they were greatly influenced by such an idea from Confucianism, which regarded the nationality living outside Chinese territory as undeveloped and barbarous tribes. Duyou, a famous historian of Tang Dynasty, once said,"China is located on the center of the world. Its people gain favor directly from the sun and the moon. Sharing ample resources, they are more modernized and therefore, more polite, than any other people all over the world. Using appropriate laws and rules to manage their society, they have everything in order."As he put it, those minor nationalities had nothing but deserted areas and fool dogs. It was under these circumstances that objective and just comments were failed to given to the minor nationalities during that period.Threatened by the domestic trouble and foreign invasion, more and more historians realized the necessity of studying the ethnic history. Especially in 1920s and 1930s, scientific methods and theories in the field of several new-born subjects, such as ethnic history, anthropology and sociology, were introduced into China. Under these circumstances, a large number of experts devoted themselves into the ethnic history research. Wang Guowei and Liang Qichao, followed by Li-Chi, Wang Tongling, Lv Simian, Lin Huixiang, wrote a large quantity of books dealing with nationalhistory. Based on modern ethnology theory, these books are of modern academic form. The idea of the surrounding barbarous tribes, which used to be very popular in official historical books, was simultaneously swept. The national history of China and its surrounding area was rewritten systematically with brand-new visions and methods. Both the trend of the nationalities" development and the law of their merging were revealed. All these conditions mentioned above directly resulted in the born of a new subject, namely, Researches of China"s national history.Focusing on the books of China"s national history, which were written in 1920s and 1930s, the essay discusses the academic background, the development, the theories and the achievements of this field. There are three parts forming it.The first chapter discovers and outlines the rise and development of China"s national history research according to the discussions of its academic background and developing process.The second chapter lists the achievements and characteristics of China"s national research, which covers all kinds of schools in this field. It can be divided into three parts: theory achievements, methods of researching and way of using materials.The third chapter"s main task is to raise some most representative characteristics among the China"s national history research in 1920s and 1930s, such as the establishment of its discipline system, the wide range of its research content, the mature of its theories and methods, etc. All these prove the fact that during the period of 1920s and 1930s, national history research had completed in establishing modernized research pattern.
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