论文标题:中国古代科技伦理的起源与形成研究
A Study on the Origin and Formation of Ancient Chinese Scientific and Technological Ethics
论文作者
论文导师 詹石窗,论文学位 博士,论文专业 科技哲学
论文单位 厦门大学,点击次数 762,论文页数 199页File Size2455K
2007-11-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_1904542/
Ancient;; scientific and technological ethics;; origin;; formation
原始社会至春秋战国是中国古代科技伦理思想从萌芽到形成的时期。本文致力于研究这一历史时期的科技伦理演进的历史轨迹。全文由两大部分组成,共五章外加绪论。第一部分由第一章组成,研究中国古代科技伦理的起源。第二部分由二、三、四、五章组成,探讨中国古代科技伦理的形成,其中第二章从宏观上探讨中国古代科技伦理形成的条件和标志;三、四、五章从微观上探讨中国古代科技伦理思想的某些分支形成的原因及主要内容。下面简要介绍各章的主要内容。 绪论阐述中国古代科技伦理起源与形成研究的学术价值与现实意义、学术回顾与评析、思路与特色。 第一章研究我国原始宗教文化中的科技伦理萌芽。论文简要介绍原始社会中科技与宗教的产生与发展的状况,在此基础上探讨原始宗教禁忌、生产祭祀礼等人类最早的行为规范在人类探索和改造自然中的规范功能及形成的原因,分析这些行为规范与道德规范的异同及向科技伦理规范转化的趋势。论文还运用社会人类学中的功能学派的理论研究远古神话,认为远古神话折射出原始先民在探索和改造自然中形成了某些道德品格和精神特质,指出它们是中华民族进入文明时代以后的一切科技道德的原发点。 第二章研究中国古代科技伦理的形成。论文具体分析了古代科技伦理形成的历史条件,如先秦科学技术的进步使人类的探索、改造自然的行为规范能够建立在对因果律理性把握的基础上;社会分工的发展使科技人员的职业生活形成;伦理思想的成熟使思想家能够运用伦理理论研究科技领域中的伦理问题。论文认为一般道德原则在科技伦理领域中的运用、科技伦理范畴的提出与科技人员的科技道德品格的形成是科技伦理形成的显著标志。 第三章研究农耕文化时间观的形成及其农业科技伦理意蕴。论文探讨了农耕文化时间观的形成过程和基本特征,指出农耕文化时间观具有客观性、人文性、经验性和宗教性四大特征,通过对这一问题的分析,不难看出农耕文化时间观是农业经济时代的产物,是为了指导农业生产而建立起来的,它对农业生产的指导和规范功能具有深刻的历史原因。论文探讨了阴阳五行学说与农耕文化时间观的渊源关系及其对它的伦理提升,指出在阴阳五行理论的浸润下,农耕文化时间观不仅上升到天人关系的境界,而且升华为具有伦理意味的理论形态。四时被赋予道德属性,物候、气象、星象的位置成为时间道德的体现,依时而作的生产行为规范有了道德依据,刑德互用的政治模式有了伦理价值基础。论文还从实践层面探讨了农耕文化时间观对农业生产活动的道德规范功能,指出这一功能主要表现在“无夺农时”、“敬时爱日”和“以时禁发”三个方面,并具体分析了农耕文化时间观的道德规范如何调节人与自然的关系及人与人的关系。 第四章研究古代技术伦理形成的原因、道德规范及价值观。论文指出调整技术主体与其他社会成员的关系的需要、伦理文化对技术领域的渗透与对技术社会问题的反思是技术伦理形成的三个原因。论文从实践层面探讨“功致为上”和“毋作淫巧”这两条先秦时期的制度性伦理规范及确保其实效性的重要机制。论文还从观念层面探讨先秦思想家的技术价值观。先秦儒家主张“以礼制器”的技术价值观,发挥器物道德教化、维护社会等级秩序的功能;墨家主张“兴天下之利”的技术价值观,认为技术发展应以“足以奉给民用,则止”为原则,反对将技术引导到追求“文采刻镂”的方向;道家主张“道进乎技”的技术价值观,对“心为物役”、“有机事者必有机心”等“道之不载”的现象充满着忧患意识,追求“道技合一”的理想境界。 第五章研究古代生态伦理思想的形成与主要内容。论文认为先秦时期人们能够用科学的眼光认识人与环境的关系,并从“天人合一”的哲学视角思考人与自然的关系,表明生态伦理理性已经兴起。论文从生产方式、消费方式、技术发展模式、社会模式四个方面归纳先秦思想家的生态伦理思想,将先秦可持续发展观概括为“时养”和“时禁”两个方面的有机统一,并揭示“黜奢崇俭”的生态消费伦理意蕴。
The idea of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics was originated and formed in the era of primitive society to the Spring-Autumn and Warring States (403-221 B.C.). This paper is dedicated to construct the historical trajectory of the formation. The paper consists of two components, which contains five chapters and a prolegomenon. The first component consists of Chapter One only; it focuses on the origin of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics. The second component consists of the rest four chapters; it discusses the formation of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics. Chapter Two discusses the conditions required for its emergence and the signs which show the formation in a macroscopic level. Chapter Three to Five focus on the reasons for the formation of some branches of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics and their concrete content in a microscopic level. The following paragraphs will give a brief introduction on the content of each chapter. The introductory chapter reviews the significance of“The origin and formation of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics”and its application in real-life. Besides, it also reviews existing theories and the comments, talking about the features and the train of thoughts of this paper. Chapter one discusses how scientific and technological ethics drove from primitive social religious culture. The paper gives a brief introduction on the formation and development of science and religions in the Chinese primitive societies. Based on this, it analyzes how the earliest social behavior norms played importance in the human beings exploration nowadays and the modification of the Mother Nature. Besides, the paper also discusses the reasons for its formation and development, explaining the formation of taboos of the ancient Chinese religions and the rituals of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors during agricultural production. The paper has made a reference to theoretical studies made by Goneng Sect of social anthropology to understand Chinese ancient mythologies. The author believes that Chinese ancient mythologies have reflected some moralities and spiritual features derived from exploration and modification by the ancestors, pointing out that ancient mythology has become the starting point for all the scientific and technological ethics since the Chinese became civilized. Chapter Two studies the formation of ancient Chinese scientific and technological ethics. The paper discusses in great details the historical conditions required for such formation. For instance, the scientific advances in Pre-Qin period allowed the codes of conducts of human beings to be established based on the mastering of the pattern of cause and effect; the division of labor had assisted the formation of technological workers’professional lives; maturation of ethical cerebration permitted the thinkers to introduce ethical theories so as to solve problems in scientific and technological ethical realms. The paper has suggested that the application of moralities in scientific ethical areas, the categorization of scientific and technological ethical ambits and the formation of scientific workers’professional moralities have constructed the important symbols which show the formation of scientific and technological ethics. The formation of time conception in agriculture and its agricultural ethical connotation are dealt with in Chapter Three. The paper explores the formation of time conception in agriculture, talking about its major features and distinct characteristics, which are objective, humane, experiential and religious. Through sophisticated analysis on this question, it is not hard to conclude that agricultural time view was a product of agricultural economy and its main objective was to guide and assist agricultural production. There were profound historical reasons for such guidance. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the relationship between the Yin Yang Theory and agricultural time views, pointing out that the Yin Yang Theory had raised the agricultural time views to a higher level. With the Yin Yang theory, the agricultural time views had not only risen steadily to the realm of heaven-people-relation, but also sublimated to become a theoretical form with ethical flavor. The four seasons had been granted with moral attributes; phenology, meteorology and astrology become the embodiment of time moralities; production according to time achieve moral demonstrations; the political mode, which simultaneously punished the offenders and used moral administration, had a firm ethical foundation. The paper has also looked into the ethical impacts of the agricultural time views on real agricultural production, suggesting that the function could be described as:“no disobeying of the time order of agriculture”,“paying respect to and treasuring time”and“making reference to time order constantly”. Moreover, the paper analyses in great details the role played by the agricultural time views in enhancing the human-nature-relation and the relationships among human beings. Chapter Four explains the foundation, moral norms, and valuation of ancient scientific and technological ethics. The paper states the three major reasons for the formation of technological ethics, which are necessity to adjust and enhance the relationship between technology and other social members, the permeation of ethic culture into technology realm and the reflection of problems in technological societies. The paper discusses two rules for the ethics in Pre-Qin period:“productivity is the most important thing”and“being opportunistic is undesirable”; it also talks about important policies carried out to ensure that these two rules yield substantial results. The paper also explores the technological valuations of the thinkers in Pre-Qin period in the conceptual level. The Confucianists in Pre-Qin period believed that the manufacture of various appliances should make reference to the etiquette, usage of the appliances was to promote ethics and the social ranking systems should be maintained; Mohist School advocated that they should dedicate to prosper ordinary people’s lives instead of using the technology for making intricate designs and decorations; The Taoists advocated that Tao can transcend technology, worried that Tao could not be the carriers of technology ( they were concerned about spirits being constraint by the objects and the people who overused machines might become opportunistic) and they pursued ideal realm of the integration of Tao and technology. Chapter Five devotes to the formation and main thesis of ancient ecological ethical thoughts. The article argues that people in Pre-Qin Period could not only understand the relationship between human and nature in a scientific prospective, but also use philosophical perspective of“integration of heaven and human beings”to consider the relationship between man and nature. The paper concludes that the ecological ethics had begun to thrive. The paper summarizes the ecological ethical thoughts of Pre-Qin Period in four aspects: the mode of production, the mode of consumption, the mode of development of technology and the mode of society, using the integration of“growing according to time”and“forbidding according to time”to sum up substantial development in Pre-Qin Period. Finally, the paper reveals the ecological ethical connotation of“Dismissing extravagancy and promoting frugality”.
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