论文标题:海事强制令
Maritime Injunction
论文作者 陈晓明
论文导师 尹东年,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际法学
论文单位 上海海运学院,点击次数 155,论文页数 83页File Size4130k
2001-12-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_2008767/ 海事强制令
Maritime Injunction
在现行法律规定不能满足审判实践需要时，便需要立法者创造一种新的法律制度。在海事司法领域，当《民事诉讼法》中的财产保全规定与扣船规定不能解决日益突出的保全需要时，海事强制令制度应运而生。作为《海事诉讼特别程序法》所规定的独有的海事保全制度，海事强制令是针对正在进行的不法侵害或违约而采取的一种积极主动的可避免侵害的诉前和诉中的预防措施。它对于我国民事诉讼中的保全制度来讲，是一个突破、创新和完善。通过对海事强制令制度的定义、性质、意义分析及与其他相关制度的比较，我们可以对这个全新的法律制度有个初步的认识。 《海事诉讼特别程序法》第四章第51条至61条关于海事强制令的规定共11条，在规定上稍过简单，使当事人与法院在适用时有笼统与模糊之感。而作为一种制度的借鉴与引进，海事强制令制度也具有明显的“本土特色”，在保障海事诉讼程序推进的同时，亦存在制度设计上的不足，亟待予以关注与修正，厘定其适用范围，既要发挥其应有的作用，也要防止其滥用所导致的巨大“杀伤力”。本文结合法条规定，分析并阐述了海事强制令在管辖、申请和担保、审查与裁定、复议和异议及执行等过程中会遇到的问题与解决办法，以求对审判实践的适用有所裨益。 为更好的适用海事强制令，有必要在现有法条规定的基础上，在程序上进一步作出完善与发展，例如设立前置程序使双方当事人得到最大的公平，或向世界范围内的强制令方向发展。我国已加入世界贸易组织(WTO)，WTO基本文件明确规定禁令必须作为缔约国司法保护的法律救济措施之一。海事强制令制度为即发侵权行为提供了极为有效的强制措施，考虑到诉讼法的独特价值及其与实体法的配合协调，我国应将强制令制度进行推广适用，在民事诉讼法中弥补保全制度缺陷，使我国的民事保全措施乃至行为诉讼体系得到进一步的完善。
The Civil Procedure Law only has provisions with respect to procedures for preservation of property. However, in maritime adjudication, frequently there are applications for preservation, which do not fall within preservation of property. Based on maritime judicial practice and rational elements of foreign maritime legislation, The Maritime Procedure Law of the People"s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Procedure Law) establishes maritime injunction system, which stipulates that maritime courts may on the application of the maritime claimants, either during court proceedings or prior to commencement of court proceedings, compel the person against whom a claim is made to do or not to do a certain thing, so as to avoid or minimize loss and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. It is both an innovation and a breakthrough to the existing preservation of property system. Through a careful analysis of the definition, nature and significance of maritime injunction system and an in-depth comparison with other similar systems in this dissertation, we can get a general understanding of this newly adopted system.The Maritime Procedure Law only contains eleven articles stipulating the procedures with respect to the operation of the maritime injunction system, which are too simple in the sight of the important role this system plays in The Maritime Procedure Law, and are sure to bring about many obstacles in the smooth operation of this system. Though largely drawn from the relevant legislation of the developed countries and the prevailing international practice, the detailed provisions of the maritime injunction still have many demerits due to the restrictions imposed by the existing whole civil procedure system of our country. These provisions should be revised and perfected in time, and meanwhile, the application scope of the maritime injunction system should be ascertained properly, so as to make best use of this system in implementing substantive maritime law and avoid the possible side-effects exerted by the misuse of this system.Based on the relevant provisions, this dissertation elucidates the problems and their possible solutions, which may arise in the jurisdiction of the case, the application and granting of the maritime injunction, and the review and objection of the injunction order. I hope my elucidation may do a help to the judicial practice.For the better application of the maritime injunction system, new procedures should be added to existing ones, such as the adoption of the prior procedure for the other party having an opportunity to defend himself. The fundamental documents of the WTO, of which China has already became an official member state, specifically stipulates that the injunction is one of the judicial remedies the contracting states must provide. In considering of the positive effect that the system plays in avoiding coming tort actions, and the conformity between the procedural and substantive law, the injunction system should also be adopted in The Civil Procedure Law to enlarge its application scope and supplement the preservation of property procedures in other areas.
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