论文标题:建安学术史研究
The Comparative Approach to the Translation of English Typical Patterns in Mt Software
论文作者 徐俊祥
论文导师 田汉云,论文学位 博士,论文专业 中国古代文学
论文单位 扬州大学,点击次数 85,论文页数 209页File Size12525k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_20301202/ 吴越:城市娱乐文化;市民文人;市民文学;新人文思潮
Wu Yue;urban entertainment culture;citizen scholar:citizen literature;new humanistic thoughts
本文以建安时期的学术为研究对象。尝试对建安学术作较系统的研究。 建安时期(196—219年)是中国中古史的重要阶段。以汉献帝年号为断限，该时期东汉已名存实亡，三国鼎立局面逐渐形成。在国家从统一走向分裂的过程中，政治秩序的变化与统治方法的改变，对人们的学术取向产生深刻影响。 从学术史发展看，该时期是汉代学术向魏晋学术转型的过渡期，人们的观念发生变化，不同系统的知识重新进行整合。两汉时期形成的经学传统并未中断。建安时期伴随着统一王朝的解体，出现了文化多元的局面，如道家、法家、兵家、纵横家、阴阳家等在这一时期都有一定的表现。六朝时期出现的种种思潮在建安都能找到其端绪。 建安学术史虽然重要，但前人所作的研究却不够充分。在中国古代社会，学者对学术史的关注重点是经学研究，由于这一时期的经学相对不发达，导致后世研究的薄弱。清代和近代学者在经学和思想方面虽有所涉猎，对汉儒如郑玄也多有研究，但还是偏重于对汉代治学方法和经解注疏的研究。他们对建安时代学术其他领域的成就，在从总体上认识亦有不足。 在历史上，社会发生剧变之际，旧秩序的解体往往伴随着新思想的产生。先秦时代，伴随着周王朝的逐渐失控，出现了王官之学衰而诸子峰起的学术局面。同样，汉代统治由盛转衰的过程，也正是学术由经学之一元走向多元的过程。 东汉后期经学自身的烦琐化、谶纬化，宦官的打击，商品经济的发展等因素导致经学的衰退和思想多元的出现。但经学的衰退，不等于学术的发展就此停止，相反，长期作为官方学术的经学的衰退，恰恰为新学术方法和新思想的产生提供了更广阔的空间，经学衰退的过程，也就是人们知识结构的重新整合，学术重心逐步转移的过程。在儒学衰落期，新的学术格局也正在形成，建安时期的外戚宦官阶层、党人阶层、及普通士人分别代表了不同的学术文化取向。伴随着这一学术的分化，在社会思想领域也产生了深刻的变化，道家学说被作为新的救世思想而出现了复兴，与道家思想有着不解之缘的民间道教也因而得到了发展，法家思想被作为一种治乱世的有效的实用思想也在建安年间受到重视。新的学术取向导致士人在知识结构和学术方法、学术旨趣方面发生了很大变化，在知识结构方面才艺类实学受到部分士人的重视，在学风上轻章句之学，博览群书，浏览书籍而了解其中的主要思想成为一些人的学习方法，士人研究问题的出发点也发生了变化，在学术研究中个体的价值得到重视。故建安时期，经学虽还在荆、交二州得以延续，但从广袤的地域看，二地的经学并不是建安时期的学术主流。建安时期学术日趋务实，权谋术受到许多学者的重视，统治者重事功、轻浮华的政策也促进了学术的务实性和弘通性。这使建安时代的学术范围脱离经学的藩篱，呈扩大化趋势。汉儒师法传统也遭到重创而呈断绝状态。 建安时期学术格局的变化使建安学术发展走上了与东汉不同的道路。建安学术的面貌表现在：经学方面，学术传统虽未停止，但对诸经的研究如《春秋》谷 梁学等己处于难以为继的状态，相反，《易》学却因其特殊的占验功能却在此时 期尤受重视，孟子学也因其民本思想与时代结合得较紧密而重受重视。史学因其 能提供史鉴，受到三国统治者和士人的重视，虽未出现如司马迁、班固等具开创 性的著作，但对前史的删要及诸家所撰的私人撰述，无疑促进了史学的繁荣，终 于出现了荀悦的《汉纪》。建安时期的诸子学也成为学术创新的思想源泉，学者 虽大率依托先秦学者，对之进行阐发和润色，但能将先秦诸子的思想融入时代， 赋予传统思想以新的内容，同样产生了学术创新。如申、商之法，在汉代多遭贬 议，而这一时期却又受到重视。 在建安年间，经学于衰退之际，仍然出现了一批杰出的学者，他们或从事传 统经学的整合工作，或研究现实政治，共同构建起建安学术的大厦。 郑玄、何休、蔡岂、应助等代表着东汉经学最后的辉煌，郑玄对今、古文经 学作了全面总结，实现了统一经学的学术目标;何休从尊今抑古的立场，为申明 经典的价值，作了进一步的努力:蔡岂从典制、文体、史学等更宽博的学术层面 全面诊释传统思想;应助则从正风俗这一独特的学术视角对传统伦理作阐释。 与郑、何等对经学作总结差不多同时，学术领域也逐渐出现了融儒、道、法 于一炉的杂家化倾向。仲长统，荀悦是这一学术新变的典型代表，他们都能从先 秦诸子思想中获得借鉴，对治国主张作务实、具体的阐释，提出了许多对当时社 会和后世都很有价值的社会政治主张，他们的学术代表了这时期的显学。经学也 还在继续发展，但亦已出现务实的趋向，刘熙和孔融是这时期新经学的代表，刘 熙对典制和器物名称的解释开辟了经学研究中博物学的新领域。孔融则对儒家伦，理作新的论释，既表现为传统的一面，又背离儒家传统演绎出一些大胆而激进的 观点。 随着经世学术思潮的继续发展，学术领域内不仅会通融合的趋势更为显著， 学术也出现专门化的趋势，与此同时，学术风格也因区域不同而出现差异，出现 了学术领域的多元化。刘助?
This Paper deals with and attempts to have a systematic study of the science during the important Jian"an Period. Beginning from Xian emperor of Han dynasty, this period experienced late Han"s disappearance and the gradual formation of three kingdoms. The transition of political order and the change of governing method had a fundamental influence on the academic orientation when the country split.Jian"an Period is a transitional period academically from Han dynasty to Wei and Jin dynasty, during which the people"s idea changed, the knowledge reorganized. Firstly, the Confucian tradition of the two Han dynasties continued. With the disintegration of a united dynasty, a multicultural situation appeared, among which Taoists, legalists, strategists, rival political theorist and those who advocated Yin and Yang theory all expressed themselves to some extent. Secondly, lots of trends of thoughts as well as life attitudes of aristocrats, such as light heart, indulgence, hedonism, reclusion, dwelling on philosophy and cosmological ontology during the six dynasties can find their sources during Jian"an Period.Although Jian"an academic history is important, its study is far from sufficient. The focus of the scholars in ancient China was Confucian study. The comparatively underdevelopment of Confucianism during this period results in its weak study later. Scholars in Qin dynasty and modern period dealed with Confucianism and Confucians of Han dynasty such as Zhen Xuan to some extent, but they concentrated on the learning methods of the scholar of Han dynasty and their explanation of Confucianism. Generally speaking, their study on the academic thoughts of Jian"an scholars is insufficient.The author contents that disintegration of old order and appearance of new ideas follow inevitably cataclysm. During pre-Qin period, official study declined and lots of thoughts appeared in swarms when Zhou dynasty was gradually out of control; similarly, Han dynasty experienced a transition from unitary to plural science with the vicissitude of its political rule.Confucianism declined and plural cultures appeared in later part of Dong Han due to several reasons: Confucianism itself became complicated and superstitious; the eunuch cracked down Confucian; the development of commercial economy etc. But the decline of Confucianism does not mean that the development of science stopped. On the contrary, its decline provided a wider space for the development of new idea and new academic method. The process of Confucian decline is also the process of reorganization of knowledge structure and the transition of academic center. New science situation was forming during the Confucian decline period. The relatives of the emperor and the eunuchs, the partisans, and the civilians during the Jian"an period represented different cultural directions. With the academic differentiation, social ideas changed fundamentally. Being regarded as a new salvation idea, Taoism revived; as an effective practical idea to administer chaos, legalism was also paid much attention to during the Jian"an period. The knowledge structure, academic methods and interests changed much due to the new science trends. As to knowledge structure, some aristocrats focused on practical knowledge, such as faculty and art; as to leaningmethods, some people despised the learning of Confucian chapters, read wide and got the main ideas. At the same time, the starting point of aristocrats" study also changed which highlighted the individual value. Therefore, Confucianism continued in Jing and Jiao Provinces during the Jian"an period, but it was not the academic mainstream when viewing from a wide area. Jian"an science changed practically and increasingly which paid much attention to political tactics. Meanwhile, the rulers" focus on achievements and despising the flashy also contributed to academic practicalism and extensiveness. The result was that the range of Jian"an sciences expanded and shook off the restrict of Confucianism. The tradition of following legalism by the Confucians of
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