论文标题:转型时期我国农民养老问题探析
A Research on the Rationality of Homosexuality
论文作者 崔红志
论文导师 张晓山,论文学位 博士,论文专业 农业经济管理学
论文单位 中国社会科学院研究生院,点击次数 46,论文页数 93页File Size4940k
2002-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_204940527/ 教育投资;政府调控;民间教育;学费;教育管理制度;绩效评价体系
education investment;government regulation;folk education tuition management system of education;evaluation system of efficiency
我国农民的养老主要依靠家庭，土地是农民养老保障的基本手段。实行家庭承包制后，由于农民对集体土地的成员权，劳动力能够实现与土地的有机结合。因此，这种保障方式具有广泛的客观适应性。但是，在转型时期，土地的保障功能逐渐弱化。我国自然资源禀赋差，工业化又导致耕地逐年减少。更为严重的是，数以亿计进入城市就业或者在农村非农产业就业的劳动力因为是农村户口，不能享受城市的各种福利和保障。他们的生活、就业和养老等问题仍被系于土地上，与土地形成一种脱而不离的关系。其结果是土地的承载人口数量只增不减，那些已经不以农业生产为主业和主要收入来源的农户依旧占有土地，从而相应减少了以农业为主业和主要收入来源的农产所拥有土地资源的数量，工业化和城市化的结果没有改变农业劳动者对土地的占有状况。同时，在转型时期，我国农村呈现了老龄化加速，家庭结构小型化、核心化的变动趋势。这些因素共同作用，对家庭养老提出了严重挑战。 针对这种情况，国家开展了农村社会养老保险的尝试，因为这一制度本身的问题，这项业务已经中断。但农民养老的问题却依然如故，急需根据我国转型时期的特点，探索未来农民养老模式的适宜路径时。本文认为，目前应该高度重视进城农民工和外出打工者的养老保障问题，逐步把这些不以土地为生产资料的农民纳入社会养老保险制度，并通过相关政策使他们放弃在农村的承包地；通过改变土地保障功能弱化的条件，提高土地对农业劳动者的保障作用；改变现有的救济方式，逐步建立统一的最低生活保障制度，实行银行强制性储蓄与社会救济相结合的我国农村养老保障制度。
At the age of Anowledge- economy education invesAned becomes an imPoftatfield in Which govennnen, oterprise (or other non-govemmen organization) and" individual can invest, fOr the reason that education goods belongs to a tyPical qusi-public goods, Which can bring inVsestor benefits not only to the society and others but. also to himseir Thus, gtivernment has an twortan status in this field: Firstly,u govemmtal is the most importam invsestOr in the fleld of education inVesAned. Atthe stage of fimdamenal (or comPulsory) education, govrments in the woridnowadays take on all or most pat of the cost of education because of the promintalsocia1 benefit Which is one of the imPortat foundations to the Anprovernent ofnational qualities. At the stage of non- compu1sory education, such as secondary orhigh education, govemmen still needs take on pat of the cost of education becausethe education has an extensive social benefit in addition to the Prominen Privatebenefit. Secondly, governmot is the actor Who regUlates both non-govemmeneducation invesAned and individual education investrient----tution. For theindividual investried, govenunCllt can influence the amoat and smicfore ofindividual education-invesAned directly by Prescribing the proportion of taking onthe cost of education----the level of tuition. In addition, governmde can influenceindividual education-investIned indirectly by other fiscal policy such as educationcredit, education savings. For the folk education-investInent, govennned can reguateit by Tuition Tax Credits, Educationa1 Vouchers etc.From the views of the amoun of education investinent: LongitUdinally, theamotal of education-invesAned of our coUnny increases raPidly after the foundationof our coUnty especially after the Reforming and Opening. Whereas, horizontally,comParing to deve1oped countries, developing codries and the average level ofilltemational cotmtries, the proportion of public education exPendituIC to GDP isre1ative much lower than that of the 1atter But the proportion of public educationexPendithe to the total public exPendithe has amoamed tO the average level ofilltemdtional countries. From above, we suggest that the fundamedal way ollt thatincreases the public education exPenditUIC is that twroves the proportion of financial- revenue to GDP, instead of only dePendng on twroving the proportion of education"expenditufe to tOtal financial revenue. Non-govennnwt education exPendtUre shouldbe encouraged to ener the field of education invesAnen. Besides, schools especially- secondary or high school should boer face market to imProve its revenue by takingadvamage of its own science and teforlogyFrom the view of the smiCfore of education invesfored of our country at present:In the constitutions of education exPenditUre, financial education, especia1lybudgetny education invesAned, is in a domnan position, though, with the reformingof charge system of high school these days, undertaking edrings are keePing uPward,the share of folk-education expenditore is still much less. From the strUctue of usingof education expendfore, the distriCt StrUtwe is that education expendiforeconcentrates in developed provinces or ones in which there are cultural or historicalcihes. Meanwhile, other provinces own little. From the nd strUctUre of school,comPared with average level of the worid, high and secondny school education havemuch more share than that of Primary school education. Consequenly, we suggestthat folk education invemed shou1d be further encouraged, 1essen the imbalance ofdistrict StnJctUre of education by transfer paymen of fiscal policy, and -ve thepub1ic education invesforen tO fimdamotal school education, and so on.From the view of institution: Influenced by the long time plannd economyregime, the regUlatory reghe of education in our coulltry has many flaws. Using the -theory of Principal aged aPproach of institUtion economics, we analyze the cause of
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