论文标题:论鲁迅对中国旧道德的批判
Yan Fu"s Thought to Chinese Philosophical Transform in Modern Times
论文作者 林桂珍
论文导师 陈瑛,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 伦理学
论文单位 中国社会科学院研究生院,点击次数 805,论文页数 62页File Size3131k
2001-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_2167947/ 批判;思想文化;中国旧道德;等级制度;国民精神;意识形态
Reportage;Character Description;Artistic Quality;Aesthetic Quality;Typicalness
鲁迅是文艺型的思想家和思想型的文艺家，并且是批判型、激情型、革命型的思想家 和文艺家（主要在思想文化领域）。鲁迅对中国社会的各种黑暗的深刻解剖与尖锐批判，是 鲁迅一生的主要思想工作和主要思想成就；而其中对中国旧道德的批判（主要在其前期）， 则是鲁迅批判中国社会的黑暗的核心内容。 中国近代思想文化先驱者们对中国前进与变革的道路的探索，乃是伴随中国近代的民 族危机与民主追求而展开的。社会变革←政治革命←思想革命←道德革命，鲁迅批判中国 旧道德的社会历史原因在于：①中国近代的社会变革尤其是政治变革一直在大潮中徘徊不 前，②中国的政治民主革命有赖于首先的大众性思想文化革命，③中国的大众性思想文化革命又有赖于集中的伦理道德革命。而旧的伦理关系、国民精神、意识形态等，则构成中 国旧道德的主要内容，并成为新文化运动以来思想论争和道德革命的主要对象。 鲁迅批判中国旧道德的首要目标指向有：①社会上层对社会下层的一般等级制度（乡 绅地主对劳苦大众），②父辈对子女的等级制度，③男子对妇女的等级制度，④社会对一般 幼者与青年的等级制度。鲁迅不仅批判了长者本位、男子本位和父权神圣、夫权神圣的道 德制度，而且还解剖和批判了中国思想文化和经济政治笼罩下的国民精神的陋劣：①卑怯 性，②自欺欺人，③夸大狂和自尊癖，④奴役性，⑤因循守旧，以及愚蠢、昏庸、虚伪、 投机取巧、贪图小利、麻木不仁、爱凑热闹、狡诈油滑、富侥幸心理等等，并表达了对威 武、刚健、勇烈、雄桀、坚韧、坚毅、坚定之国民精神的预设与期望。而对维护专制、等 级制度的儒家学说或儒家礼教，鲁迅则指出了它负面的性质与危害：①统治民众，②残害 民众，③愚化民众。 批判的原因，批判的对象，批判的依据是“批判”的三个重要要素。鲁迅批判中国旧 道德的理论依据或者说思想尺度主要有：①欢呼前进与变革的进化理论，②期待大众与革 命的唯物史观，③辉扬主体力量的个性主义，④蕴蓄仁爱情怀的人道主义。鲁迅批判中国 旧道德较之他同时代的人所不有或共有的特点主要有：①形式上的非思辩化而艺术化，② 情绪上浸润沉痛的心理体验，③情感上洋溢浓烈的爱国情怀，④性质上归属近代的启蒙主 义。当然，鲁迅对中国旧道德的批判也有片面化、偏激化的倾向，有夸大化、歪曲化的谬 误，但是，这都不妨碍鲁迅批判中国旧道德的深刻性与其价值意义：①揭露封建道德的腐 朽，生动再现社会原貌；②揭示思想革命的意义，给予后人深刻启示；③显现鲁迅的人生 精神,留下宝贵精神遗产。 鲁迅在对中国旧道德的深刻、尖锐、勇猛、持续的批判中，显现了鲁迅真实的个性品 格与人生精神（爱国爱民、战斗抗战、进取探索）。尽管鲁迅的思想和为人自始至终都被人 们有不同的褒贬评谈，但鲁迅作为近代中国思想文化先驱者的象征性意义以及他与中国近 代思想文化变迁的内在关联，让我们思考和探索中国近代思想文化的变迁与中国现代思想 文化的发展以及中国整体的社会变革与社会进步，得到了鉴照与启示，不仅于大众的思想 文化和社会的变革前进，而且也于关注大众和社会变革的众思想文化者。
I. PrefaceThis theme, i.e., the art of character description, involves the understanding of the essence of the style of reportage, as well as the understanding of its central position. Reportage should be regarded as a literary style. In reportage, literalness, artistry, and aesthetic standars are substantial attributes, and character description is a central issueThis theme also touches on classification of this style. Reportage could be roughly classified into three basic types. The first one gives priority to plot-development with character description as subsidiary, while the second one gives priority to character description, with plot-development as subsidiary. The third one is simultaneously and equally concerned with the both. The cases discussed in this dissertation will focus on the second type of reportage. From part une through part five, the dissertation expounds on the methodology of character description, from part 6 through 8, the dissertation mainly deals with the nature of reportage.II. Highlighting Major Spirit of the CharactersCharacter description in reportage has to choose and highlight the disposition of the characters involved. Even in reportage focusing on plot-development, writers should also pay attention to character portrayal, not to mention character-centered-reportage. In the second type of reportage, the personality and spiritual nature of the characters should be emphasized and demonstrated. However, one should not comprehend the "coherence" of characters" spirit simply and narrowly: excellent works in reportage usually expose "abundance, complexity, and variability" of the spirit of the characters. Even though, behind this "abundance," there is always a single nature, which decisively prescribes the dominant inclination of the characters" dispositions.III. Demonstrating the Spirit and Appearance of the Characters with DetailsCharacter description in reportage relies on details; this is in contrast to news-reports, which usually give a general picture and outline. In this regard, description of details in reportage is also different from that in inventory-narrating literature. Reportage does not allow the presence of plot-fabricating, instead it heavily relies on details in order to give Ml play to their advantages. These details have to be real and compatible to the soul of the characters. Sometimes, "details" designate "general details" and "extensive details", serving as the equivalents of "events" or "assorted events."IV. Detecting the Soul of the CharactersNowadays, placing stress on psychological exploration has become a worldwide tendency in literature creation. Development of spiritual driving force should be a thread, which is both clear and developmental, with different phases. This psychological depiction has to be distinct: that is, the writer is required to select distinctive personalities from the stream of consciousness of the characters, and describe it by combining the words and behaviors of the characters. This description is frank, and the frankness is associated with the political comment, and is usually varied because of the variety resulting from different works.V. Setting-off Appearance of the Characters with Backdrop"Backdrop" in reportage might be summarized as: 1) Natural scenery, functioning to create a kind of lyric and poetic atmosphere; 2) Scene-description, which can be demonstrated through location-sketching, serving as the concrete location wherein the actions of the characters occur; 3) The relationship among the characters, which plays a role in demonstrating the process of growth of the characters. The circumstances stemming from the character-relationship can be further divided into three types: the first is homogenous circumstance accommodating to one"s growth and development; the second is the so-called heterogeneous circumstance hindering or even disrupting the process mentioned above. But a more common case is that the two types of circumstance coexist, and the latter one often makes up a bigger proportion. 4)
|
