论文标题:美国媒体对两次海湾战争的报道比较
U.S. Media Report on the Two Gulf Wars--From the First Gulf War to the Second Iraq War
论文作者 任秀丽
论文导师 任小萍,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 英语语言文学
论文单位 外交学院,点击次数 249,论文页数 64页File Size1955k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_2281647/ 海湾战争;伊拉克战争;媒体;挑战
Gulf war, Iraq war, media, challenges
关于媒体在战争中应扮演怎样的角色一直存在很大争议。有人认为，战争期间一切应以国家利益为最高准则，媒体也不例外，而且许多媒体出于爱国的目的，主动放弃公正，客观的立场，自愿成为政府和军队的“喉舌”。然而，也有相当一部分媒体人认为应继续保持客观立场，不应亵渎天职。 事实上，美国媒体对第一次海湾战争以及最近伊拉克战争的报道都印证了这样一句话，“当战争爆发时，事情的真相往往是第一个牺牲品”。美国媒体对两次海湾战争的报道有许多相似之处。然后，这两次海湾战争期间有十几年的间隔，这十几年间，随着社会经济的发展，媒体报道技术的提高，社会民主化程度的提高，媒体报又呈现出新的特征。 本文试图通过比较美国媒体对两次海湾战争的报道，发现媒体报道的新特点。两次海湾战争中，为争取人民的支持，鼓舞士气，美国政府都试图对媒体进行严格控制，第一次海湾战争中采用“记者团”制度，要求所有参加报道的记者“资源共享”；这一次的伊拉克战争中联军又招募近800名随军记者，其中大部分人对联军政府和军队采取比较配合的态度。然而，伊拉克战争中，美国政府对媒体的控制开始面临前所未有的挑战：因特网媒体的兴起让美国政府措手不及，公众可以通过因特网获得大量及时而且“不加过滤”的新闻；大批独立身份的记者自己出资甘冒风险参与伊拉克战争的报道，他们不断质疑和挑战深受美国政府影响的主流媒体；更为严重的是，阿拉伯媒体的崛起开始挑战西方媒体“唯我独尊”的地位；美国在伊拉克战争中大打“宣传战”，可以说这次战争是有史以来第一次真正意义上的宣传战，但与此同时，“反宣传”的力量也在增长，美国的宣传战遇到的挑战越来越多。 在伊拉克战争中，美国政府加大了对媒体控制的力度并取得了良好的效果。不过，媒体要求自由的呼声也越来越高，许多额兴的媒体力量正不断增长并挑战传统媒体，如何应对媒体控制中出现的新挑战，如何在新的形势下利用媒体为战争服务，是美国政府面临的新课题。
The role of media has been disputable, particularly during the war. Some argue that the media should co-operate with the government and military to maximize the national interest, while others insist that media should act as a watchdog of the government.When war erupts, truth is always the first casualty. This has been proved by the U.S. media report on the first Gulf war and the latest Iraq war. As the two Gulf wars broke out with an interval of over one decade, media reporting of them, while sharing many common characteristics, is very different.This research is done to explore the new features of media report by comparing the media report on two Gulf wars. During both wars, the U.S. government attempted to assume tight control over media. In the first Gulf war, a "pool" system was adopted to bring the journalists under strict control; in the second Iraq war, over 800 journalists were embedded into troops to report the war. They were accused as "slave writers". However, in the Iraq war, the U.S. government"s control over media was meeting more and more challenges. Internet Media VS. Traditional Media; Independent Media VS. Mainstream Media; Arab media VS. Western media; Propaganda VS. Anti-propaganda. The media report is experiencing more confrontations.In the latest Iraq war, the U.S. government assumed tight and effective control over media. Meanwhile, the counter-control force of media is gaining momentum. Press freedom is an irresistible tendency. It is an arduous task facing the U.S. government to deal with new challenges under the new situation.
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