论文标题:论清末民初的中外合资企业
On Joint Venture at the end of Qing Dynasty and the Beginning of the Republic of China
论文作者 付蓓
论文导师 唐凌,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 142,论文页数 43页File Size1925k
2000-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_23736837/ 清末民初;中外合资企业
the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China;Joint venture
合资企业是在资本主义上升到帝国主义阶段，随着大规模的工业生产和资本输出的扩展而逐步产生和发展起来的，它对投资国和企业所在国都有一定的影响。鸦片战争后，随着列强侵略的不断升级，资本主义大工业产品迅速冲入中国狭隘的封建市场，外国投资也逐渐渗透于中国社会生活的许多领域，而尤以在企业中的投资比例最大。外人在华直接投资建立的企业，除大量由外国独资经营外，有一类是同中国合资经营的企业，称之为：中外合资企业。由于特殊的历史原因，中外合资企业在近代中国经济发展过程中扮演了一个十分重要的角色，其经济活动变化多端，又纷繁复杂。全面、科学地把握近代中外合资企业的状况，不仅有助于推动中国近代经济史的研究，而且可为改革开放的今天管理好中外合资企业提供历史借鉴。对于这个既有学术研究价值又富有现实意义的课题，学术界至今很少有人问津。本文拟就近代中国清末民初这一时期中外合资企业作初步探讨，以就教于学术界前辈及同仁。 清末民初是中国社会的转型时期，这期间小外合资企业作为中国模仿西方工业社会的一种重要企业制度形式，其发展受政局影响很大。本文根据汪敬虞、陈真、严中平、张雁深、王铁崖等人编制的资料，制成清木民初中外合资企业统计表，并突山研究了该时期中外合资企业的历史发展、分布地区、行业结构、企业类别、资金来源和它正反两方面的作用等。 清末民初中外合资企业萌生于甲午战前“华商附股”的热潮中，但以李鸿章为首的洋务派视洋股“若履虎尾，若涉春冰”的传统保守思想直接影响着清政府的政策，使中外合资这一企业制度未能在中国大地上广泛推行。1895年《马关条约》签订，允许外资在华设厂，清政府放松对中外合资企业的限制，并进而倡导，中外合资企业以其合法身份出现在外资早已窥视多时的采矿业等原料工业部门以及铁路、交通运输部门。辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统治，但中外合资企业并没有随清王朝的垮台而湮灭；相反，它出现了前所未有的大发展。中外合资企业渗入各行各业，除在采矿业继续保持较大比重外，金融业也异军突起，餐旅、保险业等第三产业也有涉足。清末民初中外合资企业分布的地区较为广大，在各个地区都有，其中又以东北地区最多，其次是华北和华中地区。 清末民初中外合资企业从适用法律的角度来区别，分为三类，即：“洋公司附搭华股者”、“华公司附搭洋股者”及“中外双方共同发起组织者。”其资金既来自国内，又来自国外。从国内来看，中方股本基本有两种形式：私人出资、政府出资。 从囚外看，外方资金来源主要有以下四个途径：国外私人资本、国外官方资本、外 人通过对中国的原始掠夺或战争赔款以充实和代替外资、外人利用中外合资和发行 公司愤券吸引中国人的资金。对其资金来源的分析，有助于认识合资企业中外资的 性质和作川。 清末民初中外合资企业的经营、运作对中囚社会经济产生了较大的影响，具有 利弊两重性。它的弊害性表现在：外人皿过合办企业突破中国方面的种种限制；攫 夺中国廉价资源和赚取巨额利润；外人利用合资这一“合法”形式以及发行公司股 栗和俯券的办法，取用中国人的资金。它具有叨显进步作用：无论是在清末还是民 初，中国的有识之士都认识到中外合资企业是一种利用外资的方式，他们的观点和 上张付诸于实践活动，顺应了世界经济）1’放和囚际经济合作的发展大势。它在客观 卜打破了旧l－！。国封建经济体系的孤立和闭关自守状态，有利于民族资本主义的扩展， 或多或少地收到“不令外人独占其利”的效果，在一定程度上推动了近代化进程。 但我们不应对其评价过高，而应当看到，在其作出这些有益贡献的同时，它们付出 的代价是沉重的，大多数时候这种代价常常超过其所取得的收效。
At the stage of the capitalism transforming into imperialism and witli the large-scale development of industry and the export of capital, joint venture enterprises emerged in the world. It has affected investment country and enterprise-in-country respectively. After the Opium War and with the western countries invasion, the industrial products of capitalism entered into China"s narrow and small feudal market. Foreign investment infiltrated into many fields of China gradually. The investment of setting up enterprises occupied a dominant position. The enterprises built directly by foreigners in China were jojnt venture enterprises except the large number of wholly foreignowned enterprises. Being the special history reasons, joint venture enterprises played an important role in modern China"s economic development. Its economic activities varied greatly and complexly. It"s very important to know Ihe situations of modern joint venture enterprises. It not only contribute to propelling study of modern economic history of China ;but also afford us useful lessons for managing the joint venture enterprises perfectly. For this question with academic research value and practical significance, there are a few people set foot in it. This thesis deals with the joint venture at the end of QingDynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China so as to promote the study of it and at the same time consult with seniors and fellow students on this question.The end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China was a transformative period. During this period, joint venture enterprise was an important form. It was an imitative enterprise of western and was under the influence of political situation. This paper, according to the data collected by Wang JingYu, Chenzhen ,Yang Zhongping, Zhang Yanghen, Wang Tieyan, mainly deals with the historical development, the distribution area, the trade framework ,the enterprise category and the fund source of enterprise as well as analysis its positive and negative roles etc. On the basis of former analysis, I put forward a statistical chart of enterprises at that time.The joint venture sprouted in the great upsurge of Chinese citizen becoming shareholders before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. But the Westernizeation representive of LiHongzhang considered the foreign shares as on thin ice .Thus kind of traditional conservative ideas affected Qing government"s policies. It prevented joint venture from spreading in China. Since 1985, after MaGuan Treaty, the foreign-funded enterprise was permitted to be set up in China .Qing government slackened restrictions on joint venture and at the same time advocated and encouraged the foreign investors set their feet in mining industry and sectors of railways , communications and transportation .After the Revolution of 1911, Qing government was overthrown .However the joint venture was not disappeared along with Qing Dynasty"s collapse. On the contrary, it has got an unprecedentedly grand occasion. The joint venture permeatedthrough all trades and professions. The joint venture began to deal with a wide range of restaurant industry, tourism, insurance industry, financial industry and other tertiary industries except that it preserved great proportion in miming industry.From the angle of its laws, the joint venture enterprises could be classified into three types .They are: foreign company possessing Chinese shares .China company possessing foreign shares and cooperative enterprises. The fund of them is from home and abroad . In point of domestic, there were two forms of capital. One is private capital ,the other is government or public capital. In point of foreign .there were four kinds of capital: foreign private personal capital, foreign government capital, the capital robbed by western in vaders or the reparation by China and the bond issued by corporations. The analysis of its capital origin has contributed to a better understanding the joint venture enterprises" characters and functions.The joint venture has a great influen
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