论文标题:农业面源污染控制的补偿理论与途径研究
Study on Compensation Theory and Approach for Controlling of Agriclutural Non-point Source Pollution
论文作者
论文导师 任天志,论文学位 博士,论文专业 作物栽培学与耕作学
论文单位 中国农业科学院,点击次数 552,论文页数 143页File Size8590K
2007-06-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_2529892/
agriculture; non-point source pollution; compensation theory; approach
我国农业面源污染问题十分严重，已经成为影响我国农业、环境、资源和社会实现可持续发展的重大威胁。农业面源污染控制实践表明，由于在污染控制工作和农业生产者之间缺乏有效的沟通桥梁、缺乏针对性强的污染控制机制，导致农业面源污染控制工作无法取得真正实效，建立什么样的补偿机制成为农业面源污染控制工作中的重要环节。本研究的主要目的就是在系统分析和认识我国农业面源污染特点的基础上，探讨农业面源污染控制生态补偿机制，建立针对不同污染物和污染类型区的补偿途径，主要研究内容与结果如下： 1．我国农业面源污染系统分析表明：农业面源污染物主要通过可溶性营养物、有毒物、固态堆积和烟尘等途径污染环境，表现为水体富营养化、大气污染及交通安全威胁、视觉污染及环境卫生隐患，其主要特点是以大面积范围内弥散和大量小点源排放并存，水是污染传播的必要媒介，污染发生强度具有点位特征，污染具有时空转移性，不同种类的污染物和不同类型区(水源涵养地和江河源头区、粮食主产区、河网水域区、农村生活区和城乡结合部)具有不同的污染途径，且农业面源污染主要是由农业不规范生产所致。我国区域农业面源污染总体趋势是中东部、东南沿海地区污染的程度和潜在风险大于西部和西北部地区，流域中下游面源污染的程度和潜在风险大于上游地区。农业面源污染控制工作重点应该在污染控制工作和农业生产者之间搭建一条有效的沟通桥梁。 2．农业面源污染控制补偿的理论基础是以承认农业生态环境以相对独立的地位参与价值创造为前提，是建立在庀古税理论基础上的农业生产外部成本内部化手段，为保护农业环境开展的公共产品建设，对生态资本投入与效益产出直接偏差实行校正的生态服务价值补偿。农业面源污染生态补偿机制由补偿主体、补偿客体、补偿标准、补偿范围、补偿方式和补偿时间构成；补偿主体主要有国家、社会、区域内和区域间；补偿客体由直接参与面源污染控制工作并产生正外部性效益或者由于面源污染控制导致利益受损的地方政府、单位或个人担当；在同一补偿机制中由于受益者和污染控制执行者不唯一，可以有多个补偿主体、补偿客体的存在。由于地区间农业生产水平、面源污染物种类、污染途径和程度不同，无法将补偿标准、补偿范围和补偿时间量化明确；但在具体补偿标准计算中，应采用经营成本法和收益法结合的方法，且应遵循补偿客体可接受补偿和补偿主体能够承担补偿支出的原则。补偿时间的确定应以确保补偿行为结束后，农业生产者经济净收益能够达到或超过补偿发生前水平为原则。补偿方式可以为政策、实物、资金、技术和智力等。补偿手段主要有行政手段干预、法律法规约束、经济手段调节(税费改革，市场价格调节，经济奖励)和荣誉激励等，在具体补偿途径中，应多种补偿方式、多种手段结合运用。 3．农业面源控制补偿途径研究表明，不同污染物和不同污染类型区应采用不同的补偿途径。化肥、农药污染的补偿途径主要有规划生态敏感区和种植区、替代生产技术支持、替代产品输入支持等；畜禽养殖污染控制补偿主要应通过实施禁养区和养殖区规划、畜禽粪便无害化处理和资源化利用技术支持、鼓励兴建大中型生态养殖场等；农用塑膜污染的补偿应通过替代农膜研发、推广支持和建设完善的废弃农膜回收制度；作物秸秆污染的控制补偿可主要通过实施秸秆还田技 术、能源化利用开发支持；建设统一的截污管道或支持建设家庭沼气池是控制农村生活污水污染补偿主要途径；生活垃圾污染控制主要补偿途径为建立统一收集、分类处理的生活垃圾处理机制，通过”收集→转移→集中→分类处理→资源化利用”降低垃圾污染。 不同类型区农业面源污染控制补偿途径探析表明：水源涵养地和江河源头区应实施充分补偿或完全补偿，并规划农业生产生态敏感区、适宜种/养区，鼓励和支持在水源地和江河源头区周边建设人工湿地、植被缓冲带和生物篱笆带，发展替代产业(如生态旅游)降低地区农业生产污染风险；粮食主产区在实施化肥、农药、作物秸秆、废弃农膜污染控制补偿同时，应对生产者实施安全生产智力补偿；河网水域区污染补偿途径应重点放在规划生态敏感区和适宜种/养区，支持肥效释放相对较慢的控释肥、缓效肥、微生物肥等代替传统化肥输入，低毒、低残留、高效农药代替传统高残留农药输入，鼓励在水域周边建设人工湿地等；农村生活区污染控制在实施污水处理补偿和生活垃圾处理补偿同时，应通过多种渠道加强地方环保教育，提高农民环境保护意识；城乡结合部在污染控制上，应从生产者、替代技术、替代辅助能投入三方面着手，鼓励农民成立多种形式的农民协会、鼓励多户联合兴建大中型生态养殖场和规模化生产区等开展农业生产污染控制补偿。 (4)平湖市农业面源污染控制生态补偿实证分析表明，以地方政府作为政策补偿主体，市、镇财政作为资金补偿主体，农技服务部门作为技术补偿主体，地方政府和农技服务部门共同作为智力补偿主体，通过替代产品输入、替代生产技术/无害化处理技术支持、规划畜禽禁养区和生态养殖区、推广秸秆还田技术、建立生活垃圾统一收集分类处理机制可基本实现对地区农业面源污染控制。实证分析表明不同污染物补偿途径和河网水域区农业面源污染控制补偿途径具有实际可操作性。
The agricultural non-point source pollution is a very serious problem now, and has already become a major threat of agriculture, environment, resources and society to reach the aim of sustainable development. The practice of agricultural non-point source pollution controlling showed that, because of lack of effective communication bridge between pollution controlling work and agricultural producers, lack of well-targeted pollution controlling mechanisms, non-point source pollution control efforts could not achieve actual effect. Then what kind of compensation mechanism to be established becomes an important part of agricultural non-point source pollution control efforts. This study was aimed at understanding and analysis of the characteristics of Chinese agricultural non-point source pollution, exploring ecological compensation mechanism of agricultural non-point source pollution control, establishing compensation approaches corresponding for different pollutants and different types of pollution areas. The main contents and findings are as follows: 1. From systematically analysis of Chinese agricultural non-point source pollution, it shows that, agricultural non-point source pollutants pollute environment primarily through soluble nutrients, toxicants, solid accumulation and dust etc. Their representatives are eutrophication of water body, air pollution and traffic safety threat, visual pollution and sanitation hidden-dangers. The main characteristic of agricultural non-point source pollution is coexistence of dispersal in large area and a large number of small point-emissions. Water is essential spread medium. Pollution intensity has point-site feature, but pollution can transfer temporally and spatially, different types of pollutants and of different type areas (water conservation and river sources areas, major grain-producing areas, river net areas, rural life areas and integration areas of urban and rural areas) have different ways of pollution. And agricultural non-point source pollution is mainly due to non-standardized agricultural production. The overall trend of Chinese regional agricultural non-point source pollution is that, the extent and potential risk of contamination in middle and east areas, southeast coastal areas outweigh the western and north-western regions, that of middle and lower reaches of valleys outweighing upstream regions. Agricultural non-point source pollution control efforts should focus on building an effective communication bridge between pollution control works and agricultural producers. 2. The theoretical foundation of ecological compensation is the recognition of agricultural ecological environment as independent status to involve in creating value. It is a measure of internalization of agricultural external cost based on A.C.Pigou Taxes. Construction of public production is to protect agricultural environment. It is the ecological service value compensation from correction of ecological capital input and output directly error. The ecological compensation mechanism of agricultural non-point sources pollution is composed of compensation subject, compensation object, compensation standard, the scope of compensation, compensation manners and compensation time. Compensation subjects contain nation, society, inner of region and among of regions. Compensation objects compose local governments, units or individuals that directly take part in control work and get positive external benefits or that have benefit damage from control work. In the same mechanism, because the beneficiaries and the executants of pollution control are indefinite, so there may be many compensation subjects and objects. Due to the difference of agricultural production, the types of non-point source pollutants, pollution ways and extents among different regions; it is not possible to explicitly quantify the compensation standards, the scope of compensation and compensation time. But in practice of calculating the compensation standards, after inquiring the willing of compensation object, operating costs should be combined with the proceeds; the principle is that the object could accept compensation and the subject could afford the compensation. The determination of compensation time should apply the principle that after the compensation, the producer"s net income could reach or exceed the level before that of compensation. Compensation types could be policy, practical items, financing, techniques and intellectual resources. Compensation approaches include administrative intervention, restriction by laws and economical regulations (tax reform, market prices adjustment, economic incentives), and the honor encouragement, in specific practices, several types of compensation and several approaches should be combined. 3. Research on compensation approaches of agricultural non-point source pollution controlling proved that, different technical compensation approaches should be applied according to different pollutants and different types of pollution. The main compensation methods for fertilizer, pesticide pollution, include designing ecologically sensitive areas and planting areas, support of alternative production techniques, and support of alternative product input. Livestock pollution control compensation mainly include designing forbidden areas for raising and breeding livestock area and allowed areas, technical support of manures sound processing and resource utilization , encouragement of construction of large and medium-sized environment-friendly raising factories. Compensation of agro-plastic pollution should apply approaches such as developing plastic alternatives, promotion and setting reasonable used-plastic-reclaiming system. Crop straw pollution can be controlled and compensated by implementing straw-return-field technology, support of energy resource utilization. Building unified interception pipelines or constructing family biogas pool should be the main approaches to control rural sewage pollution. The main compensation approach of life waste pollution is to build a unified collection, classification system to treat life waste. Pollution can be reduced through "collection - transfer - convergence - treatment - resourceful utilization". Research on agricultural non-point source pollution control approaches of different district types showed: in water conservation and river source areas, compensation methods should include enough or full compensation, dividing ecologically sensitive areas and proper planting/raising areas, encouraging and supporting building artificial wetlands, vegetation buffer zones and biological fence belt surrounding water conservation and river source areas, developing alternative industries (such as eco-tourism) to reduce regional agricultural production pollution risks. In main grain producing areas, in one side, compensation approaches should be applied to fertilizers, pesticides, plastic films, crop straw, in the other side, intelligence compensation of safe production should be included also. In river net districts, compensation approaches should be focused on dividing ecologically sensitive areas and suitable planting/raising areas, applying controlled-release fertilizer, slow-fertilizers, and microorganism fertilizers as alternatives of traditional fertilizers, using low toxicity and low-residue, and high effective pesticides as alternatives to conventional high-residue pesticide, building artificial wetlands surrounding waters. Compensation approaches for rural living areas pollution control should not only include living waster water treatment compensation and life garbage treatment compensation, but also include strengthening rural environment protection education, improving farmers" environment protection consciousness. In the integration areas of urban and rural districts, it should start from three aspects, producers, alternative technologies, alternative assistant input. Agricultural production pollution control mechanism includes encouraging farmers to found many kinds of farmer associates, encouraging building large and medium-sized environment-friendly raising factories by several families. 4. The analysis of Pinghu City agricultural non-point source pollution control ecological compensation shows as follows. Regional agricultural non-point pollution control can be reached by taking local government as policy compensation subject, governmental finance as capital compensation subject, agricultural technique service offices as technique compensation subject, local government and agri-tech service offices as co-subject of intelligence compensation, through alternative product input, alternative production techniques/harmless treatment technical support, planning forbidden and suitable areas for livestock raising and breeding, promotion of straw-return-soil technology, setting up life garbage uniformly collection and treatment mechanism. This case study analysis proved that different pollutant compensation approaches and river net agricultural non-point source pollution control approaches can be operated practically.
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