论文标题:宁夏农村贫困问题研究
Research into the Rural Poverty in Ningxia
论文作者 王婷
论文导师 张毅,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 政治经济学
论文单位 陕西师范大学,点击次数 93,论文页数 47页File Size2419k
2002-11-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_29346037/ 宁夏农村;贫困;战略选择
Ningxia rural area;poverty;strategies
贫困问题是一个困扰人类社会进步的重大问题。中国作为发展中国家，历来高度重视扶贫工作，始终把解决贫困人口温饱问题放在政府工作的重要位置。新中国成立后，特别是改革开放以来，农村实行了家庭联产承包责任制，极大地激发了广大农民的生产热情，农村经济快速增长，随后政府又对贫困地区及时实施了国家财政支持等项扶贫政策，使中国的绝对贫困人口得以大幅度减少。宁夏，尤其是宁夏南部山区，是国务院最早扶持的特困地区之一。他们在国家的支持、帮助下，经过二十多年的共同努力，使农村扶贫工作取得了显著成绩。宁夏农村没有解决温饱问题的贫困人口从1978年的153.4万人减少到1999年的30.5万人。未解决温饱问题的农村贫困人口占农村人口的比率从1978年的69.9％下降到1999年的13.9％。到2000年底，宁夏农村贫困人口的温饱问题基本解决。但是，由于宁夏局部山区遭受特大旱灾，返贫率很高。目前，全区未解决温饱的人口有52.7万人(含当年返贫人口)，占全区农村人口的24.6％，远远高于全国3％的平均水平，收入在1000元以下的农村贫困人口有128.6万人，而且这些人口大多在自然条件相当恶劣、交通极为不便的干旱风沙区、黄土丘陵沟壑区和半阴湿土石山区。由此可见，宁夏农村从根本上解决温饱问题难度很大，巩固扶贫成果，防止返贫的任务仍异常繁重，进一步增加贫困地区群众收入，提高他们生活质量的难度更大。因此，新世纪，党和国家应进一步加大投入力度，宁夏政府应理顺新思路，针对出现的新情况、新问题，探求符合宁夏农村贫困地区实际的新战略。本文从宁夏农村特殊情况出发，对宁夏农村贫困的特点、原因以及反贫困的有利条件、不利因素进行分析，提出了新世纪宁夏农村反贫困的战略以及今后在反贫困过程中应该注意的问题。 全文共分五个部分： 第一部分，回顾了宁夏反贫困的历史进程，对每一阶段宁夏扶贫的成绩作了总结，对存在的问题作了分析。并指出，宁夏扶贫工作虽然取得了显著的成就，但今后扶贫工作和任务仍很艰巨，宁夏农村扶贫将是一个长期、艰巨、持久的过程，需要全区各族人民共同努力，不断奋斗。 第二部分，主要分析了宁夏农村贫困的特点。由于宁夏农村自然条件极其恶劣，自然资源十分匮乏，基础设施薄弱，生态环境破坏严重，宁夏的贫困问题具有综合性、民族性特点，分析贫困现状及特点的目的，在于发现宁夏贫困形成的原因。 第三部分，根据宁夏农村贫困现状与特点，对导致宁夏农村贫困的主要原因进行分析。生态环境日趋恶化，农业生产条件差是宁南山区致贫的直接原因，一方水土养不活一方人的特质很明显；宁夏经济所具有的军事边塞经济的特征，也是宁夏经济不能持续、健康发展的重要原因；而改革开放以来，宁夏市场化改革滞后，尤其南部山区制度变迁缓慢，是造成宁夏农村贫困产生的深层次制度性因素；宁夏农村文化教育事业相对落后，传统的思想观念和思维方式是制约宁夏农村脱贫致富的又一重要因素。对宁夏农村贫困成因进行科学分析，目的在于为宁夏反贫困制定更为准确、科学、可行的战略和措施。 第四部分，面对新世纪、新形势，分析了今后宁夏农村贫困地区内外有利条件和不利条件。其中有利条件有：国家经济发展战略重点西移，西部大开发将为宁夏带来更为宽松的政策和投资环境，国家支持宁夏反贫困的力度会进一步加大；宁夏近年来自身经济实力己得到加强，势必为宁夏农村反贫困奠定良好基础；而且，农村山）！啪济，经济具有明显的互补性，必将有力地加速宁夏反贫困进程，使宁夏农业整体走向良性循环、共同繁荣的道路。此外，宁夏还积累了一些行之有效的反贫困经验，广大干部群众具有苦干的勇气和决心，而且有党中央、国务院的高度关怀和支持，所有这些都是宁夏今后扶贫开发最有利的条件。宁夏反贫困的不利条件有：反贫困任务十分艰巨，具有反复性、持续性、长期性特点；生态环境治理工程浩大，退耕还林所需资金较多，短期内见效慢，制约着现时脱贫的步伐。农民整体素质偏低；扶贫资金不足，使用效率差，也是宁夏反贫困的不利条件。 第五部分，针对宁夏反贫困的有利条件和不利条件，因地制宜地提出了今后宁夏反贫困的战略以及应该注意的问题、对策和建议。首先，要把改善生态环境与提高土地生产力有力地结合起来，以期改变贫困地区农业结构单一的局面，为发展畜牧业创造有利环境，通过农业生态环境的改变，促进农、林、牧协调发展。其次，坚持异地开发战略，宁夏中部拥有交通便利、能源充足，水利灌溉条件较好的大片荒地，而宁南山区部分自然条件极为严酷，一方水土养活不了一方人，在政府支持下，有计划、有组织、有规模地实施移民搬迁，创建新家园，无疑是一条可取之路。本文分析总结了16年来，移民吊庄实践过程中存在的问题，提出了应对措施。异地开发战略必将为宁夏反贫困作出巨大贡献。第三，发展有组织的劳务输出，是宁夏农村贫困地区脱贫致富十分有效的战略性措施。劳务输出、异地就业，不仅能使贫困劳动者增加收入，更重要的是可以学习外地?
Poverty has been a serious problem by which the development of human society has been distressed . As a developing country , the Chinese government has paid great attentions to the depauperism, and has put it in an important position to provide adequate food and clothing for the needy people. Since the establishment of New China, particularly since the Reformation and the Opening policy to the world in 1978 , the family contracted responsibility system with remuneration linked to output has greatly aroused great production enthusiasm of mass peasants. The rural economy increased rapidly and the Chinese government timely carried out various projects of deparperization in the poor areas. All this has made the absolute poverty population reduced by a large-scale.In the past twenty more years, great progress in depauperism has been made. The population that lack adequate food and clothing has reduced from 1,534,000 in 1978 down to 305,000 in 1999. The rate of it went down from 69.9% in 1978 to 13.9% in 1999. By the time of the end of 2000, the problem of lacking the adequate food and clothing in Ningxia has basically been solved.Yet, for extraordinarily serious drought occurring to part of the hilly areas in Ningxia , the rate of repauperism is rising . At present , there are still about 527,000 people lacking of adequate food and clothing. It takes up 24.6% of the whole rural population. Most of these people live in places with hostile nature, with windy and sandy weather, with draught and with inconvenient transportation. These places, which lie in the loess, are hilly and gully land, and half-moisture earth-and-stone land.So to solve the problem of lacking of adequate food and clothing thoroughly keeps as a serious difficulty. To keep the achievement of depauperism, to prevent the repauperism and to increase the income in these poor areas, and to improve their life quality are great tasks . So in the new century, with more solicitude and further support from the Party and the Government, Ningxia local government needs to widen their mind and keeps an open mind to the outside world . Based on the special conditions ofIVthe rural areas in Ningxia, the paper gives a careful analysis of the features of rural poverty in Ningxia, and the causes of pauperization. It shows the advantages and disadvantages of depauperism in Ningxia in the new century, and puts forward the strategies and poverty-demolishing work.The whole paper consists of five parts:Part I: In this part, the paper looks back the history of poverty-fighting in Ningxia, and summarizes the achievement at each stage and analyses the existing problems, finally points out that though great achievements have been made, still a big long term task is the depauperism, which needs all the people of Ningxia to work together and work hard.Part II: It analyses the features of rural poverty in Ningxia. The rural poverty in Ningxia is serious and centralized and covers a large area. The natural conditions are rather hostile, and the ecological environment is poor. The poverty is national, and the natural resources are poor. The basic construction is weak. To analyze the features of poverty is to find the causes of this depauperism.Part III: Based on the features and the existing state of rural poverty in Ningxia, the paper analyses the causes of rural poverty in this part . The deteriorating of ecological environment and the weak of production condition in agriculture are the direct causes of pauperization in the south hilly areas of Ningxia. It is obvious that the area can not offer adequate food and clothing for its people living here . The economy of this area has the characteristics of military economy of a frontier fortress . This type of economy makes the economy not be able to develop in a healthy way . Since the Reformation and Opening policy of 1978, the marketing reformation in Ningxia was so sluggish and sticky.Especially,the sluggish change of the systems in Ningxia was the systematical cause of rural poverty in Ningxia.The backward
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