论文标题:环境犯罪若干问题研究
On the Reform and Improvement of the Managerial System of the State-owned Assets in China
论文作者 陆舫
论文导师 韩轶,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 法律
论文单位 安徽大学,点击次数 133,论文页数 58页File Size3718k
2003-10-05论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_30558837/ 环境;环境犯罪;刑事责任;刑罚;非刑罚方法
environment,environmental crime,criminal accountability,criminal penalty,non-penalty approaches
环境问题已被各国公认为是影响人们提高生活水平和制约经济持续稳定发展的重要因素。为了保护环境，制止破坏生态环境行为的发生，大多数国家都采取了包括法律在内的各种措施来惩治危害环境的违法活动。刑法在环境保护中被越来越广泛地运用，对于有效遏制环境犯罪，再现或强化环保行政机关的权威，具有重要的保障作用。我国环境问题日益严重，而97刑法典有关环境保护的内容不能满足惩治环境犯罪客观需要。 一、作为法律保护对象的“环境”的概念 作为法律保护对象的“环境”，具有空间性、物质性及环境的整合性三个基本特征。环境所在的空间及其中的物质因素是随着人类活动对自然界影响的广度、深度以及人类对宇宙间物质对人体影响的认识推移而发展的；环境的本质是由自然物质因素所构成；人类的哪些活动将影响环境因素，可能导致区域生态系统失衡。《环境保护法》对“环境”的定义是指：影响人类生存和发展的各种天然和经过人工改造过的自然因素的总体，它包括大气、水、海洋、土地、矿藏、森林、草原、野生生物、自然遗迹、自然保护区、风景名胜区、城市和乡村等。该定义是从人类中心主义的生态伦理观出发，它强调的是人类价值和权利。在进入生态文明阶段的今天，我们对环境的认识与理解应以非人类中心主义为价值归依，在立法上应表现为生态优先，环境资源保护优先的宗旨，同时要考虑到随着人类对自然界认识的不断深入，环境的范围也将不断扩大。环境的定义应是开放式的。因此笔者认为作为法律保护对象的“环境”，不仅指影响人类生存、发展的自然因素，而且也应包括影响人类与自然和谐共存的各种天然的和经过人工改造过的自然因素的总体。 二、环境犯罪的概念及特征 由于各国法律文化、法制传统不同，对环境犯罪的表述也不尽相同。从两大法系来看，英美法系国家概念表述的特点是，将一切程度不同的危害环境的行为都规定为犯罪。而大陆法系国家表述的特点是仅将严重的危害环境的行为规定为犯罪。国内对环境犯罪的概念表述也有十多种，归纳起来，其特点是：强调情节恶劣、后果严重为构成环境犯罪的条件；多数概念表述都明确了构成环境犯罪属于行政犯，即“违反环境保护法规”。笔者认为首先对不同环境要素的危害，其犯罪构成要件不同，故环境犯罪是一个类概念；其次，行政违法行为并非都构成环境犯罪，只是国家非以此种手段不足以有效遏制该行为时，才有必要在立法上将其犯罪化，故只能将严重的行政违法行为纳入刑法予以调整；再次，对环境犯罪的界定要既立足于现实，也要考虑其发展的可能性。因此对环境犯罪所作的界定是自然人或非自然人主体违反环境保护的法律、法规，故意、过失或无过失地实施或放任他人实施的污染、破坏环境要素，对生态环境、人身健康、公私财产造成实际危害后果，或具有现实危害性，依照《刑法》规定应受刑事处罚的行为。环境犯罪具有犯罪主体复杂性、危害行为多样性、危害的隐蔽性、危害目标不特定性和广泛性等特征。 三、环境犯罪构成要件 环境犯罪与传统的犯罪构成要件有所不同。从犯罪客体上看，传统的刑法是指我国刑法保护而为犯罪行为所侵犯的社会主义社会关系。然与普通刑事犯罪不同的是，环境犯罪的本质特征在于它危害环境要素，进而破坏由该环境要素与其它环境要素所组成的生态系统的平衡，它不仅侵犯了因环境因素而产生的人与人之间社会关系，而且同时侵犯了人与自然之间本应存在的和谐共存关系。因此笔者认为环境犯罪侵犯的是双重客体，即为我国刑法所保护而为危害行为所侵害的生态平衡关系和因环境媒体而联结的人与人之间社会关系及人类可持续发展。 从犯罪主体看，它包括自然人和非自然人主体。自然人为犯罪主体，理论及立法实践中无争议;对非自然人中的法人能否为环境犯罪主体，国外有肯定与否定论，我国立法亦未予明确。笔者认为环境犯罪大多为企业法人所为，而法人具有独立承担刑事责任的能力，可以成为环境犯罪主体。然该犯罪主体有特殊性，它包括法人主体本身和操纵法人行为的自然人;非自然人中的国家则不能成为环境犯罪的主体非自然人中的行政机关包括中央政府和地方政府，中央政府代表国家，也不可能成为环境犯罪主体。地方政府不代表国家，若有危害环境的行为，可成为犯罪主体) 从犯罪客观要件看，环境犯罪也包括行为、结果和因果关系三个因素，其中，危害环境的行为是任何环境犯罪都必须具备的客观要件。由于环境犯罪具有潜在的社会危害性，为了更周全地保护法益，提高环境保护意识，防止举动犯、危险犯向结果犯的转化和发展，应将举动犯、危险犯作为环境犯罪的行为要件。对环境犯罪因果关系的判断，传统刑法采用相当因果关系理论，然而由于环境犯罪行为本身的复杂多样性和环境危害的潜在性，运用该理论来证明因果关系的存在有时很难，难以追究行为人的刑事责任。笔者认为在此可借鉴发达国家因果关系推定原则，在相当条件下允许因果关系的推定，即由被告人证明自己无危害环境行为，若不能举证贝lj推定其行为构成犯罪。 从犯罪主观要件看，传统刑?
The environment issue is in the world regarded as an important factor which influences the improvement of people" s living standard and the stable. Continuous economic development. In order to protect and prevent the environment being destructed a lot of countries have adopted Various measures including law to punish the illegal activities affecting the environment. The criminal law is more and more widely used in environmental protection. It plays a vital role in curbing environmental crimes and strengthening the authority of environment lated executive bureau. Nowdays , the environment issue in our country is increasingly serious. What" s worse, the parts on environmental protection in the statute book of 1997 can not meet the objective needs to Curb the environmental crimes.1 , The concept of "Environment" as the target of law protection. The "environment", as the target protected by law, is characterized with space, substance and conformity. As the impact human activities have on nature in depth and width develops and the human understanding of the impact the universal matter has on human body progresses, the space of the environment and its matter advances. The nature of "environment consists of natural material elements. Those activities of human being will influence the environmental elements and cause the regional systematic biological imbalance. The definition of "environment", according to <> , is the entirety of both natural and man- reformed, Which influences the human survival and development. It includes "atmosphere, water, sea, soil, mine, forestry, prairie, wild animals, natural relics, reservations, scenic attractions, city and countryside ... The definition starts from the perspective of biological morality of human-centered theory, and it emphasize the human values and rights. Nowdays, since we are all at the stage of biological civilization, We should base our understanding of theenviron- ment on Non-human-centeredism. In legislation, both ecology and environmental protection must be prioritized . Meanwhile, as the human understanding of the nature contanues to develop , the area of environment will also be constantly expanded . The definition of the environment should be open-ended . So the author thinks the environment , as the target protected by law , should not only be the natural elements influencing human survival and development , but also include all kinds of elements both natural and man-made which have a great impact on the harmonious co-existence between mankind and nature .2, The concept of environmental crime and its characteristics Due to the difference among legal cultures and rituals , of different countries , the wordings of environmental crimes are quite different . We begin wint the two great legal setups : the British and American legal setup and the continental legal setup . Generally , the conceptual wording of British and American legal system is characterized by the principle that all actions , regardless of their degrees or levels ,as long as they influence the environment in a negative way . Will be regarded as crimes .On the contrary, cortinental legal system just regards the severe actions influencing environment as law - breaking , Domestically , The concept of environmental crime can even be demonstrated expressed in about ten days . And those different ways could be summed up as the following, the vile conduct and severe consequence constitute the environmental crime ; many of the concepts have stated expressly . The environmental crime is the environmental crime kind and breaks . The regulations of environment protection . The author holds the opinion that the environment crime is a concept of one category , because the conviction depends on the degrees of the severity and different components . Secondly . not all the administrative voliations are environment crimes . Only when the contemporary approaches could " nt contain this action should it be criminalized in legislation . As a result, only the severe conducts
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