论文标题:高尔夫球场施用化肥和农药对环境影响研究
Environment Contamination Potential of Fertilizers and Pesticides Used on Golf Course
论文作者 常智慧
论文导师 韩烈保,论文学位 博士,论文专业 森林培育
论文单位 北京林业大学,点击次数 122,论文页数 124页File Size8624k
2005-05-09论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_321888557/ 高尔夫球场;果岭;根系层;化肥;农药;淋溶;残留;环境
Golf Course; Green; Root-mixture; Fertilizer; Pesticide; Leaching;Residue;Environment
本研究在北京的气候条件下,通过建立田间蒸渗小区,研究了高尔夫球场果岭草坪施用尿素、磷酸二氢钾和甲霜灵、多菌灵、百菌清、五氯硝基苯以及呋喃丹五种常用农药后,其在根系层土壤中的迁移和淋溶规律,并参照相关标准确定了高尔夫球场果岭草坪上施用氮、磷肥和上述几种农药的安全施用量。在田间试验小区模拟研究的基础上,对北京地区8家不同开业年限的高尔夫球场人工湖水体中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、总磷浓度和多菌灵、百菌清、五氯硝基苯以及呋喃丹农药的残留进行了调查,并与小区试验的结果进行了比较分析。主要结论如下: 1、根系层土壤中硝酸盐容易向深层土壤移动,增加施氮量有利于20～30cm根系层土壤中硝酸盐积累。20～30cm根系层土壤中硝酸盐含量还呈现明显的季节变化,不同施氮条件下20～30cm根系层土壤中硝酸盐含量均在7月达到最大值。20～30cm根系层土壤中硝酸盐年平均含量(Y)与施氮量X_1(N)和施磷量X_2(P_2O_5)存在线性关系:(?)=31.231+14.136X_1-0.214X_2+4.467X_1~2+1.139X_2~2+0.186X_1X_2。 2、增加施氮量会增大硝酸盐的淋溶;当年纯氮施用量为20g/m~2时,随着施磷量的增加淋溶水中硝酸盐浓度基本没有变化;但是当年纯氮施用量为33g/m~2、40g/m~2或更高水平时,随着施磷量的增加,淋溶水中硝酸盐浓度有降低趋势,而且施氮量水平越高,其降低趋势越明显。淋溶水中硝酸盐浓度(Y)与施氮量X_1(N)和施磷量X_2(P_2O_5)存在线性关系:(?)=35.939+26.041X_1-4.426X_2+5.747X_1~2-1.812X_2~2-5.659X_1X_2。果岭草坪上如果月纯氮施用量控制在4.7g/m~2以内,就不会发生硝酸盐淋溶污染水环境。 3、根系层土壤中亚硝酸盐含量与施氮量、施磷量无关。亚硝酸盐、氨氮淋溶浓度均很小,亚硝酸盐淋溶不发生季节性变化,氨氮淋溶在7月最大。果岭草坪施氮后根系层土壤中亚硝酸盐、氨氮淋溶均不会对地表水水体造成污染。 4、根系层土壤中有效磷含量随深度的加深而递减。20～30cm根系层土壤中有效磷年平均含量(Y)与施氮量X_1(N)和施磷量X_2(P_2O_5)存在线性关系:(?)=5.618-0.202X_1+3.918X_2+0.063X_1~2+1.372X_2~2-0.247X_1X_2。当施磷量(P_2O_5)为5g/m~2和20g/m~2时,20～30cm根系层土壤有效磷含量季节变化小,但当施磷量(P_2O_5)为29.4g/m~2和50g/m~2时,20～30cm根系层土壤有效磷含量季节变化大。 5、施磷量能够显著影响磷的淋溶,7～9月淋溶水中总磷浓度随着施磷量增加而增大,不同施肥条件下淋溶水中总磷浓度均在8月份达到最大值。淋溶水中总磷浓度(Y)与施氮量X_1(N)和施磷量X_2(P_2O_5)存在线性关系:(?)=0.727-0.108X_1+1.577
Limited information existed on the leaching and environmental impact of fertilizers and pesticides applied to golf course under conditions in China. This study, conducted in 2004 at the Beijing Forestry University Turfgrass Institute Research Facility, China, was to determine Leaching and movement of fertilizers and five pesticides commonly used on golf green turfgrass at Beijing region using field bucket-type lysimeters. The two fertilizers used in the experiment were urea and potassium dihydrate phosphate. The five pesticides used in the experiment were metalaxyl, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, qudintozene and furadan. The surface water non-impact application rate of urea, potassium dihydrate phosphate and five pesticides were also studied. Surface water quality and carbendazim, chlorothalonil, qudintozene, furadan residue in the surface water of eight golf courses at Beijing were investigated. And the results were compared with that determined by field bucket-type lysimeters. The conclusions reached include the following:Ⅰ. Nitrate in the root-mixture move downward rapidly, nitrate content in the 20-30cm root-mixture was related to nitrogen application rates. Nitrate content in the 20-30cm root-mixture also changed at different season but reached maximum at July despite nitrogen was applied at various rates. Annual average nitrate content in the 20~30cm root-mixture can be predicted by nitrogen X_1 (N) and phosphate X_2(P_2O_5) application rate with a linear equilibrium model:Y =31.231+14.136 X_1-0.214 X_2+4.467 X_1~2+1.139 X_2~2+0.186 X_1 X_2.Ⅱ. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate were also related to nitrogen application rates, Nitrate concentrations in the leachate increase with the accretion of nitrogen application rate. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate were not effected by increasing phosphate application rate if nitrogen applied at low rate (20 g/(m~2.yr)). While nitrogen applied at 33 g/(m2.yr), 40 g/(m2.yr) or even higher, increase phosphate application rate will reduce nitrate concentrations in the leachate. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate can be predicted by nitrogen X_1 (N) and phosphate X_2 (P_2O_5) application rate with a linear equilibrium model:Y =35.939+26.041 X_1-4.426 X_2+5.747 X_1~2-1.812X_2~2-5.659X_1 X_2. With monthly nitrogen application rate on golf course under 4.7 g/m~2, the nitrate concentration in the leachate would not exceed 25mg/L, so it did not contaminate surface and ground water quality on golf course.Ⅲ. Nitrite nitrogen content in the 20~30cm root-mixture were not related to nitrogen and phosphate application rates. Nitrite and ammonium concentrations in the leachate were generally below 0.06mg/L and 1.0mg/L respectively throughout of the experiment, ammonium concentrations in the leachate changed with different season and reached maximum at July, while nitrite concentrations in the leachate had no seasonal variety. Nitrite and ammonium in the leachate from golf green root-mixture did not contaminate surface and ground water quality.Ⅳ. Available phosphorus content in the root-mixture reduced from top root-mixture to 20~30cm root-mixture. Annual average available phosphorus content in the 20~30cm root-mixture can be predicted by nitrogen X_1 (N) and phosphate X_2 (P_2O_5) application rate with a linear equilibrium model:Y =5.618-0.202 X_1+3.918X_2+0.063 X)1~2+1.372X_2~2-0.247 X_1 X~2Available phosphorus content in the 20-30 cm root-mixture had no seasonal variety on the 5g phosphate (P_2O_5) m~(-2) .yr~(-1) and 20g phosphate (P_2O_5) m(-2) .yr~(-1) plots, while available phosphorus content in the 20~30 cm root-mixture changed at different season if phosphate (P_2C_5) applied at 29.4g/(m~2.yr) or even higher.Ⅴ. Total phosphorus concentrations in the leachate were also related to phosphate (P_2C_5) application rates, Total phosphorus in the leachate increase with the accretion of phosphate (P_2O_5) application rate at July to September. Total phosphorus concentrations in the leachate reached maximum at August despite phosphate (P2O5) applied at various rates. T
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