论文标题:21世纪大学生智力开发研究
College Students" Intelligence Developmental Research in the 21st Century
论文作者 谢年华
论文导师 尹鑫,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 马克思主义哲学
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 896,论文页数 42页File Size555k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_3320107/ 知识经济 ; 大学生 ;智力开发
Knowledge economy; College students; Intellectual development
随着知识经济时代的到来,世界各国的竞争已演变为知识的竞争、人才的竞争。而人才的竞争从根本上说,是取决于人才的智力潜能的开发和利用。目前,大力培养人才,尤其是培养具有高智力的人才,已成为各国经济发展的基本战略。大学是培养人才的摇篮,其主要任务就是通过良好的高等教育充分开发大学生的智力潜能,为国家和社会培养有用人才。智力是什么?它的结构怎样?迄今为止人们还没有一个统一的界定。大部分专家和学者都赞成智力是人的认知能力。少数学者把智力的内涵扩大到包括认知能力和非认知能力的范畴,如加德纳、斯腾伯格等。实际上,智力应该是指人们获取知识和运用知识解决实际问题的能力,是人的内心活动和外在行为的综合统一。它不仅包括过去人们所认为的认知因素,还包括遗传因素和传统智力理论中的“非智力”因素(即动力因素)。智力结构则应由三大结构:素质结构、认知结构(认知操作性亚结构和认知控制性亚结构)和动力结构构成。智力是人类发展的生长点,最大限度地挖掘人的智力潜能,是人类一个永久不衰的课题。在众多的智力开发理论中,由于大部分都把智力仅仅看成是人的认知能力,在开发的过程中只注意对认知因素的开发;少数人注意到了对动力因素的开发,却又忽略了对认知因素的开发,因而都未能更好地开发大学生的智力。在21世纪的今天,对大学生的智力开发应结合认知因素和动力因素,要“两手抓,两手都要硬”,才能使大学生的智力真正得到充分的发展。在知识经济条件下,大学生的智力发展有了很大提高,也具有了明显的时代特征。在认知过程中,大学生的观察力、注意力、记忆力、思维力及想象力都有了明显提高,同时也还有明显的不足;在认知结构中,大学生的元认知、认知策略及知识经验库都具有明显不同于中小学生及其他成年人的特点;在动力结构中,大学生的学习动机整体发展有提高,但仍有动机缺乏现象;兴趣广泛但需正确引导;情感丰富但情绪波动较大;意志水平明显提高但不平衡、不稳定;性格趋于成熟但不稳定。当代大学生的智力开发是一项十分浩大的工程,应在一定的先决条件下,遵循一定的原则或规范,才能取得具有实效性的进展。当代大学生的智力开发,必须遵循此四项原则:(1)物质基础性原则。人脑是智力活动的物质器官,脑的生理解剖特点、生长发展规律等,在很大程度上影响着个体智力的形成和发展,离开人脑就无所谓任何的智力开发;(2)个体差异性原则。人的智力受遗传和家庭、教育的影响,不同个体之间会有不同的智力,不同的大学生之间同样也存在智力差异,开发过程中应注意因人而异;(3)知识优化性原则。21世纪,知识爆炸,信息激增,任何人都无法全部吸收和运用,智力开发就是要尽可能优化知识结构,吸收最优的知识和信息;(4)主体自觉性原则。任何外因都是要通过内因而起作用的,大学生的智力开发必须增强大学生的智力自我开发意识,让其发挥主观能动性,自觉主动地参与。在知识经济的挑战下,对当代大学生进行智力开发是一项非常紧迫的任务。要针对当代大学生智力发展的不足,在遵循大学生智力开发原则的基础上,结合认知因素与动力因素,全方位、多层次进行挖掘和开发,真正使大学生的智力得到充分发展。当代大学生智力开发的具体途径和方法有:强化认知过程,教会学生思维;优化认知结构,教会学生学习;综合认知发展,提高学生的元认知能力;激活动力因素,培养良好的动力系统。
With the arrival of the era of knowledge economy, competitions between the countries all over the world have evolved into the competitions for knowledge and talent that the competitions of the countries all over the world have already developed. And talents. however, in fact ,the competitions for talents depends on the development and use of talents’ potential intelligence energy .At present, training talents, especially those with high intelligence in a cost-effective manner has already become basic strategy of economic development of various countries .The college is a cradle of cultivating talents .Its main task is to fully develop college students’ potential intelligence energy through higher education , thus training useful talents for the country and society. What is intelligence? How is its structure? People have reached agreement on these yet. Most experts and scholars agree that intelligence is the people"s cognitive ability. A few scholars expand the intension of intelligence to the category including cognitive ability and non-cognitive ability , for instance Gardner ,Sternberg , etc. In fact, intelligence should refer to the ability that people obtain knowledge and use knowledge to solve the practical problem , and it is synthetic unification of people’s heart activity and the external behavior . It includes not only cognitive factor people recognized in the past, but also inherited factor and non-intelligence factor in the traditional theory of intelligence (namely motive force factor); intelligence structure should consists of the three structure: Quality structure; cognitive structure (cognitive operating substructure and cognitive controlling substructure ) and motive force structure .Intelligence is a growing point of the human development. It is an eternal subject of the mankind to excavate people"s potential intelligence energy to the maximum extent ,In numerous intellectual development theories, because the majority only regards intelligence as people"s cognitive ability , only pays attention to the development of the cognitive factor during the process of developing ; A few people have noticed the factor development of motive force factor, but they neglect the development of the cognitive factor, therefore they fail to develop college students" intelligence better. Today in the 21st century, as to the intellectual development of college students, only by combining the cognitive factor and motive force factor and " stressing on both hands, taking hard dual tactics ", can we make college students" intelligence really get abundant developmentUnder the knowledge economy condition, the intelligence development of college students has been improved a lot, and has possessed the obvious characteristics of era too. In the cognitive course, college students" observation, attention, memory, thinking and imagination all obviously have been improved, and have obvious deficiencies too at the same time; Among cognitive structure, Metacognitive of college students’, cognitive tactics and knowledge experience storehouses have obviously different characteristics from the students in middle and primary schools and middle-aged person; In the motive force structure, the whole development of college students" learning motivation improves, but they still sometimes lack motivation; The interest is extensive but needs to be guided correctly; The emotion is enriched but the feeling is relatively great; The will level obviously improves but is uneven, unstable; The personality becomes more and more ripe but unstableThe intellectual development of contemporary college students is a very huge project, which should be under certain precondition, and follow certain principle or norm, thus making the progress with substantial results. The intellectual development of contemporary college students, must follow the following four principles: Basic principle of material. Human brain is material organ of intellection, and the characteristic of dissecting brain and the law of brain growing, etc. influence individua
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