论文标题:运动员竞技能力的参赛变异及其成因与对策
The Perform Diversity of Athlete Competitive Capability and Its Contributing Factors and Countermeasures
论文作者
论文导师 田麦久,论文学位 博士,论文专业 体育教育训练学
论文单位 北京体育大学,点击次数 131,论文页数 96页File Size1185K
2005-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_34477697/
perform diversity;; athlete;; competitive capability;; perform theory;; perform appraise
运动员竞技能力的参赛变异是指其在比赛中所表现出来的竞技水平与训练过程中所获得的竞技能力水平之间的差异,是对运动竞赛中出现的诸如“克拉克”、“黑马”和“Choking”下的“崩盘”即“反败”以及“翻盘”即“反胜”等现象的概括与总结。其本质是运动员参赛过程中行为过程、行为结果在训练水平和竞赛水平上表现的差异。本研究运用文献资料、观摩解析、专家访谈、问卷调查、和案例分析等研究方法得到主要结论如下: 1运动员竞技能力的参赛变异在形式上有过程变异和结果变异。在性质上有正变异、负变异和零变异之分,在对象上有个体和群体之分,在内容上有体能、技战能和心智能之分。 2运动员竞技能力的参赛变异的评定手段是运动成绩定量评价和运动员、教练员的定性评价以及两者结合的综合评价。基本指标是变异率和变异度。变异率是一定时期里运动员参加比赛出现参赛变异的次数;变异度是运动员比赛成绩和训练成绩之差与训练成绩的商,即PDP =(CR– TR)/ TR; 3运动员竞技能力的参赛变异的成因可以分为主体诱因和客体诱因。影响竞赛过程中运动员竞技能力变异的众多因素可聚合为以下四个相对独立又相互联系的子系统,即:运动员的竞技状态与相对竞技实力、参赛认知水平与比赛经验、可逆转环境和中立环境。 4运动员竞技能力的参赛变异具有变异成因的多元性和多变性、变异内容体能的先导性、变异过程的可控性与非可控性、变异结果的两极性和层次性和参赛行为的心态易变性等五个方面的一般训练学特征。 5体能主导类项群具有变异结果直观性、变异过程连续性和对手制约两重性等特征;技能主导类项群具有单项贡献制约性、个体变异传递性和裁判评定诱导性等特征;技战能主导类项群具有群体整合共生性、核心技战术制导性、攻防转换制约性和局盘赛点突增性等特征;技心能主导类项群具有目标恐惧极化性和变异过程波动性等特征。 6教练员、运动员必须坚持准确判断和适时干预相结合、前瞻性与务实性相结合、适时性与同步性相结合、可控性与实效性相结合的原则。提高运动员参赛的元认知水平,准确和适时调整运动员的个人目标和现实定位,及时反馈竞赛关联信息,善于营造比赛小环境。采用诱导法、调控法和变换法等应对参赛变异,特别是负变异的出现。
Athlete competitive capability diversity (ACCD) is that athlete shown competitiveness in match differs of athlete competitive capability obtained in training. It is a generalizations and summaries such as the phenomena of "Clark" and "unexpected rival",collapse and "won instead" caused by "Choking". The research gets the main conclusions by using the methods the documents and materials, viewing and emulates analyzing; expert"s interview, questionnaire investigation, and case analysis as follow: 1 The ultimate form of ACCD is course diversity and result diversity. It includes mainly positive diversity, zero diversity and negative diversity on nature, individual diversity and group diversity on object, skill diversity, skill-tactic diversity and intellect diversity on content. 2 What mainly appraisal means are achievement quantitative, athlete and coach determine the nature the appraisal and comprehensive appraisal and combined appraisal for ACCD. The diversity rate leads to diversity number of times in a regular period while athletes in match; The diversity degree is the quotient between athlete"s result minus training one that divided by training result, namely PDP =(CR - TR)/ TR; 3 The main origin cause of formation ACCD can divide into subject inducement and object inducement. The mutant numerous factors of ACCD can be summed up as four following subsystem, which is relative independent and connected each other. There are competitive status and relative competitive strength, athlete"s cognitive level and the PERFORM experience, reversible environment and neutrality environment. 4 ACCD has induced five characteristics in sports training, which are the pluralism and changeable origin cause, guiding physique, controllability and uncontrollability of variation course ,the two polarities and level of the result and the mutability of the perform behavior. 5 Physique dominated event-group has characteristics what are objectivity of variation result, continuity of variation course and dual nature of rival restriction; Skill dominated event-group has characteristics what are restriction individual event contributed, transmit of individual variation and induction of judge adjudication; Skill-tactic dominated event-group has characteristics what are colony combine intergrowth, controlling of core skill-tactic, restriction of transform in attack and offensive and game set match point uprising. Skill-mental dominated event-group has characteristics what are polarizing frighten goal and fluctuating variation course. 6 Coaches and athletes must insist on the principles that is comminuting of judging accurately and intervening in good time, perspective with getting practical to combine together, timeliness and synchronous combine together, controllability and principle that substantial results combine together. It give play to athlete participating in the contest of cognitive level to want, accurate with adjust athlete personal goal and reality make a reservation in good time, feedback the related information of the contest in time , is good at building the little environment of match. What methods of guiding method, regulation and control method are adopted to reply and participate, mainly negative diversity appearance,in perform diversity.
|
