论文标题:中国转型期城镇贫困与就业问题研究
论文作者
论文导师 王东京,论文学位 博士,论文专业 政治经济学
论文单位 中共中央党校,点击次数 57,论文页数 126页File Size2038K
2008-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_349957297/
urban poverty ;;transition;; employment
贫困是一直困扰着人类社会的难题,尽管当今世界经济已获得了前所未有的飞速发展,但贫困不仅没有随着经济的发展而消除,反而有日益加重的趋势。这一现象在处于转轨时期的中国城镇表现得尤为明显。改革开放以前,我国的贫困主要表现为农村贫困;改革开放以后,随着经济体制改革的深化,城镇贫困越来越成为不容忽视的社会现象。 本篇论文是以经济转型为背景,借鉴和吸收前人研究成果的基础上,运用规范分析和实证研究相结合的方法,研究了我国转型期城镇贫困及就业问题。论文的主要思路是: 首先,分析了我国转型期城镇贫困的现状,本文分别从城镇贫困群体的界定、城镇贫困群体规模的估算、城镇贫困的特征以及城镇贫困群体的分布几个方面来进行的。通过现状分析发现,下岗、失业人员是目前城镇贫困人口最集中、最引人注目的群体。这部分贫困群体的地区分布、行业分布都存在着不平衡的特点,他们的消费结构单一,身心健康状况堪忧。与此相对应,城镇贫困中两种类型的贫困是最主要的,一是失业型贫困,二是就业质量低引起的贫困。论文随后分别对这两种类型的贫困展开分析。 在对失业的影响因素分析中,本文探讨了经济增长、城乡收入差距大、产业结构调整这三者对就业的影响作用。研究表明,经济增长与有效就业人数正相关,而城镇收入差距与城镇失业人数具有正相关。这一结果意味着在减少失业型贫困的政策措施上,不仅仅要重视在城镇内部创造就业机会,提高就业质量,而且要加大对农村的建设,提高农村居民的生活水平,从而影响城镇居民的就业,达到扶贫的目的。对于产业结构变动和就业结构变动的关系验证的结果表明,中国的产业结构与就业结构非同步发展,就业结构滞后产业结构的发展,具体讲,就业结构仍然以第一产业为主,而产业结构已经表现出向第二、第三产业倾斜的特点,这种滞后进一步加重了失业现象。 在有关就业质量的研究中,论文通过7个维度(工资、福利、工作的稳定性、职业发展机会、工作-家庭平衡、劳资关系、公平和员工进谏行为)分析了目前我国城镇贫困群体就业质量的现状。结果表明,城镇贫困群体的就业质量很低,不仅仅表现在工资收入低,而且更主要的是没有完善的福利待遇,随时有被解雇的危险,职业发展机会由于教育和技能水平不高非常渺茫,经常加班加点,不能保持工作-家庭的平衡,劳资关系冲突严重,贫困群体自我感觉不公平且维权意识不强。文章还分析了影响就业质量的因素:人口学变量、人力资本和社会资本;就业质量会随着企业所在行业的差异而有所不同,另外国家的政策法规对就业质量也有促进和监督作用。 最后,论文提出了相应的构建反贫困战略体系的政策建议,建议从宏观、中观、微观三个层面来展开。 论文可能的创新之处有以下两点: 1、将就业质量的分析引入贫困研究中。以前的学者更多的是关注失业对贫困的影响,这属于就业数量的研究,而本文则全面考虑了就业数量与就业质量两个纬度对贫困的影响。 2、本文论述的就业质量的7个维度(工资、福利、工作的稳定性、职业发展机会、工作-家庭平衡、劳资关系、公平和员工进谏行为)是在综合以前学者的观点的基础上提出的。本文提出的衡量就业质量的7个维度,不仅仅包括了贫困群体最关注的工资、福利等低层次的需要,也涵盖了对组织的参与性、工作与家庭平衡等高层次的需求,比较全面地反映了就业质量的相关因素。 论文存在着以下两方面的不足: 1、由于数据的获得非常困难,因此,论文主要是依据历年的统计年鉴,对宏观因素如经济增长、城乡收入差距、产业结构调整等方面对就业的影响进行实证检验。微观方面对企业职工就业质量的研究,主要通过对以前学者的相关成果进行总结、比较和研究,并进而提出自己的观点,因此存在一定的局限性。 2、由于资料有限,本文没有把影响就业的诸多因素整合到一个模型中,而只是单独的对各个因素进行回归分析,因此,回归系数可能存在一定的偏差。
As an old and eternal theme, Poverty is paid more and more attention by researchers. The research on poverty is one of the most complicated and disputable field. Although economy in every country has an unprecedented development, poverty which has spread all over the world is still a trouble for all the countries. This phenomenon is remarkable for urban China during Transition Period. The urban poverty is social phenomenon happening in the process of economic transition. Before the reform, rural poverty is the most important one of the two poverty——rural poverty and urban poverty, while with the deepening of China"s economy and system reform the economy of urban China enter a hard period which made urban poverty more and more serious. This thesis applies the methods of a well combination of theoretical analysis and empirical study to doing research on the urban poverty and the facts impacting the employment in the transitional period in China. The analysis about the status in quo of urban poverty group shows that, laid-off and employment are the most centralized and noticeable group, which have the unbalanced characteristic in areas and industries. Their consumption structure is single and the physical and mental health is disappointing. This thesis does the empirical study to analyze the determinants of the two dimensions of poverty caused by the unemployment and the low employment quality, so as to establish the anti-poverty system. Among the determinants of unemployment, this thesis discussed the impacts of economic growth, urban-rural income gap and the industry structural adjustment on employment. The results show that GDP is positive correlate to valid number of employment, the unemployment amount is positive correlated to Urban-rural income gap, and the test of the relation between industry structural and employment structure show that the value proportion of first industry declined constantly, the value proportion of secondary industry is still the highest among them. However, the industry structure and the employment structure is not synchronous and the employment structure is lag industry structure to some extent. Employment structure is still mainly with the first industry, but the industry structure has shown the characters that leaning the secondary and the tertiary industry. Therefore, the government should promote adjusting employment structure soon so as to fit the transition of industry structure. This thesis also described the status of employment quality from seven dimensions, which composed of wage, welfare, job stability, career opportunity, work-life balance, labor relation, fairness and voice. The results show that the employment quality of urban poverty group is low, which is not only manifested in the low wage, but also mainly in the imperfect welfare, being fired at any moment, the vague career opportunity caused by low education and skills, work over time at all time, unbalance the work and life, the serious conflict of labor relations. the unfairness perceived by the poverty group and support one"s right weakly. This thesis also analyzed the facts impacting the employment quality, such as Population statistical variables, human capital and social capital, industry and the policies and regulations in China. Based on the analysis and empirical study on the above two dimensions .This paper designed the frame about the anti-poverty strategies respectively from three lays that macrocosmic——country, midview——corporation, microcosmic——individual, and come up with some suggestions concretely. The main innovations through the study on urban poverty in China during the transition period in the dissertation as follows: 1.The innovation about research angle of view. The analysis on status of urban poverty group finds that the urban poverty group is mainly composed of unemployment, laid-off and low-wage workers. Therefore whether to employ or not and the level of employment quality are the important reasons influencing urban poverty. The former researchers sometimes pay attention to the relation between employment amount and poverty, and little concerned about the employment quality as the key factor. This thesis considered two dimensions that employment amount and employment quality across-the-board, which is possible innovation 2. The seven dimensions of employment quality is put forward based on the ideas of former researchers. This thesis believes that the seven dimensions are wage, welfare, job stability, career opportunity, work-life balance, labor relation, fairness and voice, which is not only concerned the low level demands such as wage and welfare, but also concerned higher demands such as participating the organization and work-life balance. Hence, the seven dimensions are more comprehensive to reflect the concerned factors, which are the possible innovations in this thesis.
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