论文标题:国际法视角下的尼罗河流域水资源争端
The Nile Water Dispute: An International Law Analysis of the Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia Water Issue
论文作者
论文导师 边永民,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际商法
论文单位 对外经济贸易大学,点击次数 610,论文页数 64页File Size1760K
2007-04-22论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_350642/
the Nile basin; international water law; equitable utilization
尼罗河流经十个不同的国家:埃塞俄比亚、厄立特里亚、苏丹、埃及、乌干达、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚、卢旺达、布隆迪和刚果民主共和国。尼罗河流域争端主要起源于体现埃及利益而签订的殖民条约,这些条约给予了埃及对尼罗河用水的不公平的控制权。自埃塞俄比亚独立和埃及建国后,尼罗河流域用水冲突愈演愈烈。为建立一个更为公平和合作的尼罗河用水管理体制的斗争已经存在了几个世纪。然而,在一系列政治和外交努力失败后,流域各国同意依据国际法来解决争端,通过磋商建立一个永久性的法律框架。但是,迄今为止,流域各国尚未达成任何协定。由于久久不能就尼罗河用水问题达成一致,加之人口迅速增长和持续干旱,埃塞俄比亚和埃及开发灌溉、发电、人口和经济发展用水资源的情况日益恶化。 本文目的在于通过阐释三个国家现存的关于尼罗河用水的主要法律问题,勾勒出影响各国进行谈判的障碍,根据国际法规则分析各国的立场,并给出可能打破各国之间僵局的可行性建议。第一章主要介绍尼罗河流域的地理和水文特征、沿岸国的用水分配以及尼罗河管理的历史;第二章一方面涉及用水冲突的法律问题,另一方面也涉及合作的努力和目前的状况;第三章阐释了水资源管理的国际法规则和原则,并根据这些原则和规则分析各国的立场,这种分析是以国际实践为支撑的;第四章则对上述问题和分析作概要总结。 本文认为,尼罗河流域国家不能通过磋商就尼罗河用水达成一合理公平的法律框架,主要是由于埃及和苏丹对尼罗河用水享有优先权,以及目前没有好的协定蓝本可供选择。文章在最后指出,对尼罗河用水的合理公平的协定的缺乏以及在此关键时期推迟协定的达成,将导致尼罗河流域国在用水方面的单方面行动,由此可能在各国之间导致不必要的冲突,甚至爆发战争。因此,即使依据国际法也不能决定尼罗河用水的分配。然而无论如何,国际法可以为尼罗河流域各国通过磋商解决争议提供有力的依据。
The Nile River is shared by ten different states; Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and the DR Congo. Dispute in the region mainly stems from the colonial treaties signed on behalf of Egypt, which gave Egypt unfair control over the use of the river"s waters. The dispute between Egypt and the remaining riparian remain a cause of conflict since independence and with Ethiopia since the foundation of Egypt. As a result the challenge of creating a more cooperative environment for the management of Nile waters has existed for centuries. However after long unsuccessful political and diplomatic initiatives, the riparian sates agreed to settle the dispute in accordance with the principle of international law, and negotiate a permanent legal frame work. But despite the agreement to negotiate a permanent legal frame work nothing has been done so far. And due to the delay, the situation especially between Ethiopia which is facing a rapid population and continuous Droughts problem forcing her to develop her waterresources for irrigation, hydropower generation, and economic development and Egypt is gating worst. Therefore it is the intention of this paper to examine the main legal problem existing particularly between these three states regarding the Nile water utilization, figure out barriers affecting the negotiation on the planed legal frame work, and analyze individual states position in light of relevant rules of international law, and give a recommendation that might break the current gridlock in the Nile Waters negotiations among the riparian states. Chapter I generally describes the Nile basin geography, hydrology, the riparians water contribution and the history of the Nile water governance. Chapter II will deal with the conflict aspect and the legal issues in one hand, as well as the Efforts made towards cooperation and its current status on the other hand. Chapter III explains the principles and laws that govern international water management and their by analyze the individual states position in lights of those principles and laws governing international law and treat law. In so doing, the analysis will be supported by some international practices. And the last Chapter IV will summarize the over all problem and analyze the individual states position in lights of those principles and laws governing international law, as well as international treaty law. The paper argues, failure of the Nile riparian states to negotiate on the legal frame work for a reasonable and equitable apportionment of theNile water is a manifestation of Egypt and Sudan’s preference for the status quo or no agreement choice. Lastly the paper will conclude that the absence of agreement for the fair and equitable use of the Nile water or trying more to delay it at this crucial time will trigger a unilateral development of water which will result in unnecessary conflict even war between the riparian states, there fore, even if International law cannot decide the allocation of the waters of the Nile. Nonetheless, it can provide a basis for Nile riparian to negotiate and settle their dispute.
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