论文标题:农地使用权市场:模式、影响因素及其对农地配置效率的影响——理论与来自苏浙鲁地区的经验 Study on the Basis of the Intergrowth Theory of the Enterprise Clusters Organization 论文作者 田传浩 论文导师 贾生华,论文学位 博士,论文专业 企业管理 论文单位 浙江大学,点击次数 545,论文页数 201页File Size10502k 2003-12-04论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_352537/ 农地使用权市场;集体供给型农地使用权市场;农地制度;地权稳定性;耕地细碎化 Land Rental Markets,Jiti-Supply Land Rental Markets,Land Tenure,Tenure Security,Land Fragmentation 发展中国家的经验表明,当农村金融市场不完善时,土地买卖市场无助于效率和公平的提高,土地租赁市场比土地买卖市场更有效率(Dininger and Feder,1998)。在中国的农地制度下,农户不能对土地进行买卖,但是法律已经允许农户出租农地。随着经济发展和城市化进程的加快,农地使用权市场得到了初步的发育。从总体上来说,中国农地使用权市场仍然不活跃,不同地区存在较大的差异。 对中国农地使用权市场的研究已经成为理论界的热点,然而现有的研究存在较大的缺陷。首先,已有的文献忽视了集体供给型农地使用权市场。在“集体所有,家庭经营”的农地制度框架下,村集体和农户都可以出租农地,并且集体出租农地与普通农户之间的农地市场交易有许多不同的特点。其次,许多学者关心土地调整对农地使用权市场发育的影响,然而已有的讨论都将重点放在土地调整对农地使用权市场需求的影响上,忽视了土地调整对农地使用权市场中供给的影响。第三,农地使用权市场对耕地配置效率的影响仍然存在很多争论,但是基于中国的经验研究十分匮乏。 根据农地使用权市场中供给主体的不同,本文将农地使用权市场分为两种交易模式:集体供给型农地使用权市场和农户供给型农地使用权市场,并以笔者2000和2001年在中国苏浙鲁地区收集的村庄和农户数据对农地使用权市场进行了实证研究。其中,2000年的实地调查取得了1083个农户和54个村庄基本情况的有效问卷,2001年的调查取得了574个农户、83个农业经营大户和30个村庄基本情况的有效问卷。本文的主要结论和创新点如下: (1)在苏浙鲁地区,集体出租农地是农地使用权市场中最主要的供给来源。与农户供给型农地使用权市场相比,集体出租农地有更大的土地规模、更长的租赁期限、更规范的交易方式和更低的交易费用,是农业规模经营大户的主要交易对象。 (2)由于集体供给型农地使用权市场和农户供给型农地使用权市场都能够提高资源配置效率,因此两者具有互相替代的作用。在集体供给型农地使用权市场发育比较活跃的地区,农户供给型农地使用权市场的发育受到了压制,一个农户如果已经从集体租入了农地,那么他从其他农户租入农地的可能性就会降低。山东两个相邻村庄的个案比较和2000年苏浙鲁1083个农户数据的统计分析都验证了这一点。浙江大学博士学位论文摘要 (3)农户对地权稳定性的预期越低,其租入农地的可能性越小,租入农地的面积也越小。土地调整虽然降低了农户对地权稳定性的预期,但是它促进了农村劳动力的外出流动(Yao,2002),增加了农地使用权市场中的供给。因此,需要权衡土地调整对农地使用权市场供给和需求两方面的影响。在人地矛盾紧张的地区,农地供给量的缺乏是农地使用权市场发育的主要障碍。在这些地区,土地调整促进了农地使用权市场的发育。更进一步,集体出租农地并没有受到土地调整的阻碍,因此即使不考虑土地调整对农地使用权市场供给的影响,它对整个农地使用权市场的发育也难以确定。这与以往认为土地调整会阻碍农地使用权市场发育的观点是完全不同的。基于2000年苏浙鲁1083个农户数据基础上的计量分析结果验证了以上的假说。 (4)集体出租农地可以被看成是一种农地制度安排,村领导在这种农地制度安排中起到了关键性的作用。本文构建了一个村领导的效用函数,分析了村领导的角色、约束、目标和在农地使用权市场中的行为,将村领导看成集体出租农地这种制度安排的决策者和实行者。同时,在村领导的约束条件中考虑了村民的反应,这意味着村领导的行为不能不顾村民的意见而随心所欲。从三个实地调查的案例来看,可以利用这个分析框架对村集体出租农地的行为进行有效的解释。 (5)农地使用权市场对耕地细碎化程度和土地配置的影响究竟如何,还没有基于中国农地使用权市场的经验证据。因此,本文利用2001年苏浙鲁574个农户和83个农业经营大户的资料分析了农地使用权市场对耕地细碎化程度的影响。通过分析农户租赁耕摊捅立后家庭经营地块数的变化和不同面积农场的耕地细碎化程度,本文指出农地使用权市场虽然没有进一步加剧苏浙鲁地区的耕地细碎化程度,但是对降低耕地细碎化程度的影响也十分有限。与农户供给型农地使用权市场相比,集体出租农地更容易降低耕地细碎化程度。 (6)2000年苏浙鲁18个乡镇的分析结果表明,农地使用权市场的发育促进了土地集中和规模经营。在农地使用权市场发育程度较高的乡镇,土地资源分配的不平均程度也较高。对农业经营大户的调查表明,他们在租入土地后,改善了土地质量,优化了种植结构。此外,对农户的调查也表明,出租农地的农户主要是因为有更好的非农就业机会,租入农地的农户也主要是处于经济方面的计算,因此可以认为,农地使用权市场发育提高了资源配置效率。 本文结论所蕴涵的政策意义有以下几点:(l)如果禁止土地调整的制度得到了确实的执行,那么还要完善农村社会保障体系和农村金融市场,否则农地使用权市场的发育可能受到阻碍;(2)通过在村庄引入民主决策机制,能够? The evidence from land reform and land market in development country imply that land sales markets will not necessarily lead to an optimal allocation of land in the presence of credit and insurance market imperfections. However, improved resource allocation can be achieved through land tenancy contracts even when other markets are incomplete (Deininger and Feder, 1998). A nascent land rental market is emerging in rural China after almost two decades of rural reform.Farmland rental markets in China have been the focus of researchers and there were shortcomings in literatures. First, under the household responsibility system (HRS), the collective economic organization (jiti) and the farmer can both lease land in China. But the former was ignored in literatures. Second, it was overlooked that the effects on the supply in farmland rental markets of administrative land reallocation which is a property of China"s land tenure arrangement. Third, there was a debate about the impact of land rental market on the land fragmentation and land distribution, but there is still no empirical evidence from china.According to the providers" difference in land rental markets, it is separated two models which include the jiti-supply land rental markets (JSLRM) and the farmer-supply land rental market (FSLRM). Using data from the author"s village and household surveys, collected in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong provinces (SUZHELU) of China both 2000 and 2001. The main results and innovations of the dissertation are as following:(1) The dissertation demonstrates that t the collective economic organization is the mainly supply of land rental markets in SUZHELU. Compared with the FSLRM, there is the bigger land, the longer rental term, the more normative contract and the lower transaction cost in JSLRM.(2) JSLRM and FSLRM both have the function that enhances the land allocative efficiency, so they can replace each other. The development of FSLRM is baffled in those areas where JSLRM is active. If one farmer rent land from JSLRM, the possibility that he rent land from FSLRM would decrease. The case study which compares two adjacent villages in Shandong and the result from empirical analysis based on 1083 household data of SUZHELU support the theory"s predictions.(3) The lower is tenure security which peasants have, the lower are the probability and the area that they rent farmland. Land redistribution reduces the tenure security, but it facilitated labor migration (Yao, 2002) and increases the supply of the land in land rental markets. Land redistribution advanced the development of farmland rental markets in those areas with vast population and limited farmland where the lack of land supplies was the main obstruction in farmland rental markets. Furthermore, the development of JSLRM is not affected by administrative reallocation, so land reallocation"s effect on the whole land rental markets is uncertainty. The result from empirical analysis based on 1083 household data of SUZHELU support the theory"s predictions.(4) JSLRM is considered as a land tenure arrangement and village leaders have critical force in the local land tenure in the paper. By modeling the village leader"s decision-making behavior, the dissertation develops a theory about land rights formation in rural China. The theory argues that the leader is concerned with three objectives: maximizing personal income, minimizing the enforcement cost of administrative tasks, and improving the general welfare level of villagers. At the same time, the Farmer"s Reaction is considered as the constraints faced by village leaders, which means that village leaders can"t follow their inclinations in land tenure arrangement. The dissertation uses the model explain three case which collected by author, the result of case study imply the model have explanatory ability.(5) There are no evidences about the land rental markets" effect on the land fragmentation and the centralization of land in literatures. On the base of 574 farmers and 83 ra
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