论文标题:清代天山南路察合台文契约文书研究
A Study of Chahetai Language Documents in the South of Tianshan Mountain in Qing Dynasty
论文作者 于红梅
论文导师 陈世明,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 历史文献学
论文单位 新疆大学,点击次数 529,论文页数 67页File Size2560k
2003-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_3619517/ 俄罗斯人;迁居;新疆
Russian;migrate;Xinjiang
清代天山南路地区主要生活着信仰伊斯兰教的维吾尔民族。乾隆二十四年(1759)年，清朝平定大小和卓叛乱之后，天山南路地区纳入清政府的直接管辖，清政府在该地区进行了一系列的立法活动以维护其政权的稳固。大清朝的法律和维吾尔民族所遵循的融宗教、法律及道德规范为一体的伊斯兰教法构成了天山南路地区的施法基础，两种不同的法律求同存异，形成了天山南路地区独特的法律格局。本文以一些清代察合台契约文书作为第一手历史资料，在吸收专家学者们大量优秀研究成果的基础上，结合清代文献，对清代维吾尔民族的法律体系进行了尝试性研究。 本文包括以下几方面的内容： Ⅰ、导言 首先，论述了清代察合台文的发展和国内外对察合台文的研究状况。分别阐述了清代察合台文大力发展的原因，介绍了大量的察合台文作品和译著以及目前国内外对察合台文献的搜藏和研究状况。指出目前国内外对察合台文献的研究存在着两方面的缺憾：一是国内外学者对遗存的大量察合台文献的研究还远远不够；二是研究成果要么单纯对察合台文进行转译，要么纯粹从语言学的角度进行语言文字的研究。通过察合台文献对当时的政治、经济、法律、文化及家庭生活等方面的研究却很少。其次，概述了清代天山南路的法律概况和研究现状。考释了清代之前天山南路地区所遵循的法律是融宗教、法律和道德规范为一体的伊斯兰教法，简述了清朝统一新疆后对天山南路实行行政立法和司法管理的过程，并且对当前学术界在清统一新疆到新疆建省期间天山南路地区究竟实行何种法律的争议提出了笔者自己的看法。最后，论述了本文的研究意义和研究方法。 项士研兜左学位论X2003年6月 11、第一章 清代天山南路的察合台文契约文书 本章主要对12份清代察合台文契约文书进行了分类、转写和翻译。用签订契约这种社会公认的方式来处理民间纠纷、调整社会关系，是南疆维吾尔族人民由来已久的一种传统法律程式。清朝统一新疆后，商品经济的发展达到鼎盛时期，契约更加普遍和频繁地出现于社会生活中，契约所反映的民事法律关系的内容也大大丰富起来。因此，根据文书所反映的民事法律关系把12份契约文书分为4类：买卖契约文书、民事纠纷契约文书、瓦哈甫契约文书、遗产契约文书。笔者对照原文，主要依据维吾尔语新文字所采用的拉丁字母对应符号，对12份察合台契约文书进行了转写并翻译成汉文。 Ill、第二章 清代天山南路察合台文契约文书的格式及印章研究 清代察合台文契约文书的格式尽管没有规范化，但内容上却有一种约定俗成的程序。一般由契约签订的日期、立约人姓名、立约的依据、立约的事由、达成的价格协议、收付款的执行情况、新主人的权利、违约的惩罚情况、土地的地界范围以及证人这几部分组成。民事纠纷的契约文书只是没有土地地界或证明人，更多的强调纠纷解决的过程及自己获得的权利。笔者认为，契约文书程序的固定化，标志着维吾尔族民法在清代向着集中化、法典化的趋势迈进，并且它已经具备了现代合同法的法律效力。 对于清代察合台文契约文书的印章，主要从以下四个方面进行了简单的探讨：（）、印章的实际应用有一定的规则。（2）、印章是宗教法庭对契约有效性的认证。（3）、两个或多个当事人通常只有一个印章。（4）、印章实际应用与正文的关系。 W、第三章 清代天山南路察合台文契约文书所反映的清代维吾尔族的法律体系 这一章是本文的重点，分别从维吾尔族的民法、刑法、司法三个方面 2 项士研兄左学位论x2003年6月来阐述清代维吾尔族的法律体系，并由此总结出清代维吾尔族的法律体系特点。 其中维吾尔族的民法又是本章的重中之重。12份契约文书具体而生动地反映了伊斯兰教法中的民法调整了维吾尔族的士地买卖、遗产继承、瓦哈甫土地等财产关系以及由此而产生的民事纠纷。总结出维吾尔族的民法特点：（）、以反映土地关系为主要内容。（2）。根据伊斯兰教来调整民事法律关系。（）、双方要在平等自愿的基础上签订契约。（4）、民事纠纷可以通过非诉讼方式解诀。（5）、补充了清政府民法不发达的缺陷。笔者认为，天山南路地区的民事法受清政府影响不大，主要按伊斯兰教法来自行解决一切民事纠纷，而且教法的合法性是得到清政府认可的。 刑法在文书中没有任何体现，表明当时刑案在乡村可能不予受理或宗教法庭无权于涉刑事案件。笔者对伊斯兰教法中的民法能在清代保存下来，而刑法却被清律所取代的原因作了如下分析：（）、伊斯兰教法中刑法体系本身不发达。（2）、清政府从维护国家统治的角度出发没有认可伊斯兰教法中的刑法内容。 通过契约文书对天山南路宗教法庭的存在作了充分肯定，又提出伯克衙门在当时也掌有司法职能，只是它们的职能各有所侧重。 最后，总结了清代维吾尔族法律体系的特点：（）清代维吾尔族的法律重民法，轻刑法。（2）
The main settlement in the south of Tainshan Mountain is Muslim Uighur people In Qing Dynasty, after putting down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan (大小和卓) In 1759, the emperor of Qing governed the south of Tianshan Mountain. At the same time, the Qing government carried out a series of action for establishing laws to maintain and solid their government. The basic rule for people in this region to follow is consisted of two parts: the laws of Qing Dynasty and the principles and rules of Islam including religion, laws and ethic rules, Which were followed by Uighur people. Two laws seek common points while reserving differences, ultimately lead to form law style of the south of Tainting Mountain. This article attempts to study Uighur legal institution in Qing dynasty based on some Chahetai contract documents as the first-hand history and Language documentary.In the article it includes the following main parts:Introduction :The introduction is being paid much-attention because this article involves in many subjects such as linguistics, history, the science of law and ethnology . First, it deals with the development of Chahetai language in Qing Dynasty and the latest study situation of Chahetai language in internal and in external . In this part, This article expounds the reason for the rapid development of Chahetai language, introduces lots of work written in Chahetai language and author considers that there are two imperfects for the study of chahatai language documentary. Thestudies that have been made by all the scholars in domestic or in abroad are not enough or they just translate Chahetai language or study the words of language from the angel of linguistics. It is very rare that there are any study for the politics, economy, law culture and family life at that time through the documentary in Chahetai language. Second, this article outlines the general situation of law and the present study situation . In this part, the author does a textual research to the rules based on Islamic law including religion, status and ethic principles, which are followed by those people who lived in the south region of Tianshan Mountain before Qing Dynasty, introduces the implemented administerial law and the judicial domination of the Qing dynasty in the smith area of Tianshan mountain after Xinjiang is unified, and gives some new views to which law is practiced in the south area of Tianshan mountain during the administration of the Qing government . At last, the author reveals the significance and means of study on this article.Chapter I : The contract .documents of Chahetai language in the south region of Tunashan Mountain in Qing DynastyIn this chapter, it deals with the category, transliteration and translation of the 12 contract documents of Chahetai language used as historic material language. It is an old tradition for Uighur people who lived in south Xingjian to deal with these disputes among common people and to adjust social relationship through signing contracts. After Xinjiang belonged to Qing, thecontent of the civil relationship and the statue relationship reflected by these contracts were more plentiful because contrasts were used in social life much more than ever with the rapid development of commodity economy. So the 12 contract documents are divided into 4 kinds according to the civil and status relation reflected by them: trading contracts, contribution to religion contracts, dispute contracts, inheritable contracts.The author of the article has transliterated and translated the 12 contract documents into Chinese based on the Latin letters which are used in the Uighur language.Chapter II : The study on the form and seal of the contract document in Chahetai language in the south region of Tianshan Mountain.There is a kind of program for the form of Chahetai contract document, which is accepted by common practice, though it is not standardized. This program is consisted of the following parts: The date, the name, basic for signing contract, the reason, price right of t
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