论文标题:钦察汗国与蒙古元朝时期之中西交通
The Khanate of Kipchak and the Communication between China and the West during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty
论文作者 田庆锋
论文导师 赵汝清,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 专门史
论文单位 西北师范大学,点击次数 649,论文页数 54页File Size3302k
2003-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_3689632/ 钦察汗国;蒙古元朝;中西交通
the Khanate of Kipchak;Mongol Yuan Dynasty;the Communication between China and the West.
钦察汗国，系成吉思汗长子术赤及其后裔所建，在蒙元时期中西交通史上起了非常复杂而又重要的作用。本文从中西经济文化交流的角度，分三个部分对钦察汗国的政治、经济、文化和对外关系等方面进行了较为全面的考察。 第一部分：简要论述了拔都西征、钦察汗国的疆域及其变迁等问题。 第二部分：较为详细地考察了钦察汗国对内有效的统治及其政策(完善的驿站制度、稳定的政局和重商主义经济政策等)、钦察汗国对中西交通线沿线地区之经营，对中西经济文化交流的作用；并在此基础上对蒙元时期草原丝绸之路的具体走向和运行状况进行了较为详细的考察。本文认为，钦察汗国对内之有效统治及其政策，为中西经济文化交流提供了一定的政策保障和有利的软环境；钦察汗国对草原丝路沿线地区之经营为其时中西交通提供了一定的物质支持和有利的硬件环境。 第三部分：较为全面地考察了钦察汗国与蒙元大汗廷、埃及、伊利汗国和欧洲天主教地区的政治经济关系及其对中西经济文化交流的影响，并就此提出了一些观点和看法。本文认为，蒙古帝国时期，无论在内政还是外交方面，钦察汗国都维护着蒙古大汗的权威，保持着与蒙古大汗廷的臣属关系，这为蒙元早期中西经济文化交流需要的条件做出了一定贡献；别儿哥至忙哥帖木儿统治时期，钦察汗国应对因窝阔台汗国的崛起而导致的中西交通的阻断负一定责任，但这同时也是蒙古中央政府的悲哀；脱脱蒙哥至脱脱统治时期，两国关系开始逐渐恢复，钦察汗国为蒙古诸汗国的“约和”贡献了自己的力量；月即别和札尼别统治时期是两国关系的最密切时期，也是双方经济文化交流和中西交通的高峰期；钦察汗国与埃及关系的发展，一定程度地拓宽了中阿经济文化交流的渠道；钦察汗国与伊利汗国关系恶化和长期的紧张，一方面阻碍了草原丝路与绿洲丝路的交汇，另一方面促进了伊利汗国与欧洲的经济文化交流。
The Khanate of Kipchak , founded by Jenghiz Khan"s eldest son Jochi and his descendants, had played a complicated and important role in the history of the relationships between China and the West in Mongol Yuan Dynasty. This article, composed of three parts, studies the influence of it on the economic and cultural communication from its politics, economy, culture and its relationships with other countries.The first part briefly discusses the problems of Batu"s westward conquest, the Khanate of Kipchak"s territory and its changes.The second part concretely studies the domination which the Khanate of Kipchak had over the territory beside the roads of the communication between China and the West, the useful domination policies (the perfect yizhan system, the emphatic policies of commerce, its good political condition etc.) and their influence on the communication between China and the West. This part also studies the work of the Steppe Silk Roads. Here are the main ideas: The domination over the territory beside the Steppe Silk Roads gave certain physical supports and good conditions to the communication between China and the West; The good domination policies also supplied some convenient conditions to the communication.The third part precisely studies the political and economic relationships of the Khanate of Kipchak to the house of the grand khan of Mongol, Egypt, Ire Khanate and Christian Europe. This part also studies the influence of the relationships on the communication. The author comes to some conclusions as follow: The Khanate of Kipchak kept the submissive relation to the house of the grand khan and supported the supreme khan of Mongol Empire in the inner politics and the policy to the outside, which gave certain supports to the early communication in the Mongol Yuan dynasty; The Khanate of Kipchak should account for the stop of the communication caused by the foundation of the Khanate of Ogotai which had been supported by the Khanate of Kipchak during the period of the reign from Berke to Mangu Timur; The short-time stop of the communication was also Mongolian central government"s tragedy. The relationships of the Khanate of Kipchak to Yuan dynasty began to become normal during the course of the reign of Tuda Mangu ,Tula-buqa and Toqatai khan, in which the Khanate of Kipchak gave certain devotions to "peace" of the Mongol Khanates. Their relations had been best after the separation of Mongol Empire during the time of ozbeg and Janibeg"s reign which was. the rush hour of our economic and cultural intercourses with the Khanate of Kipchak and other west countries. The development of the relationships to Egypt accelerated the intercourses between this two countries, which indirectly widened the ways of the Sino-Arab communication in the economy and cultures. The relations to Ire Khanate had been very bad for a long time. This stopped the convergence of the Steppe Silk Roads and the Oasis Silk Roads. In other side, this helped the intercourses between Ire Khanate and Christian Europe.
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