论文标题:近代中国社会变迁与基督教大学的发展
The Change of Society in Modern China and the Development of Christian College
论文作者
论文导师 章开沅；马敏,论文学位 博士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 华中师范大学,点击次数 93,论文页数 177页File Size10103K
2006-10-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_378592642/
Modern China;Change of Society;Christian College;Hua Chung College
近代中国基督教大学是与中国社会的变迁紧密联系在一起的。19世纪中后期中国社会的变化为基督教教育在中国的发展提供了契机，使基督教大学在中国的土地上得以建立和发展，而基督教大学反过来又促进和推动着近代中国社会的变迁。20世纪20年代以后，中国社会状况与19世纪相比已有很大的不同，这一时期主要是基督教大学顺应中国社会的变迁，调适自己以取得生存和进一步的发展，但它并没有放弃影响中国社会的努力。因此，本文力图将基督教大学置于近代中国社会变迁的特定历史场景之中，以华中大学为中心，具体揭示近代中国及西方各种交织因素对基督教大学的影响，以及基督教大学对它们的反作用。 二十世纪早期中国社会中有两个因素对基督教教育的发展方向产生了重要影响，其一为新式教育的推广，其二为“非基督教运动”。在它们的挑战和冲击下，中国基督教教育开始出现联合办学以提高教育效率的趋势，并开始朝中国化的方向发展。 基督教大学的中国化是一个缓慢的进程。在20世纪20年代以前，基督教大学与中国教育界的接触非常有限，从很多方面来看它们都处在中国国家教育系统以外，可视为西方教育系统在中国的延伸。20年代以后，随着中国民族主义潮流的高涨，基督教大学开始向中国政府注册立案，实现了形式上的中国化。但在实际的管理运作中，中国化的过程远没有完成，“名”与“实”之间还存在着很大的差异。 与中国化相伴随的，是中国社会和政府对基督教大学世俗化的要求。因应这种情况，基督教大学逐渐出现世俗化的倾向。然而，世俗化的倾向究非基督教大学所愿。实乃外力所迫。世俗化的倾向常常使西方的支持者感到担心，他们害怕基督教大学将日渐失去基督教的特色。同时，虔诚的基督教信仰也使基督徒教育家们不甘“堕落”，因此，他们在政府允许的范围内，努力推行基督化教育。 南京国民政府成立后，开始推行高等教育“国立化”政策，并实行了一系列旨在充实提高高等教育的措施，中国高等教育尤其是国立大学因此得到了较大的发展，并给基督教大学带来了巨大的压力。面临如此严峻的挑战，基督教大学采取了以质取胜的战略，将“重质不重量”作为自己的办学特色和在激烈竞争中的自存之道，并因此得以在与众多实力雄厚的国立大学的竞争中保有一席之地。 在中国基督教大学的上述发展历程中，有两个因素对基督教大学的发展起到了至关重要的影响，它们分别是西方差会和中国政府。一方面，基督教大学受西方差会的管理和控制，在具体发展政策、规章制度等方面，差会都对其有很大的约束性；另一方面，基督教大学又在中国政府的控制下，政府通过政令法规，对基督教大学进行管理和限制。差会的政策与中国政府的
Modern Christian college is closely relative to the change of modern Chinese society. In the end of the 19th century, the change of Chinese society offered an opportunity to Christian education, which made Christian colleges to be built and develop in China, while Christian colleges also facilitated the change of China After 1920s, Chinese society changed greatly in comparison with that of the 19th century, so Christian college had to adapt itself to the vicissitude of China to survive and make further progress, however it did not give up its effort to influence Chinese society. Thus in this dissertation, I try to place Christian college in the vision of society change in modern china, focus on Hua Chung College, expound the interactions between Chinese & western factors and Christian college as well.Early period of the 20th century saw two elements which had strong effect on the direction of Christian education, one was the spread of new-style education, the other was Anti-Christian Movement. Challenged by them, joint running college began to take a lead in order to improve the efficiency of education, and the localization of such college appeared.Nevertheless the localization of Christian colleges went quite slowly. The intercommunication among Christian college and their Chinese counterparts was quite unusual until 1920s, Christian colleges, outside the national education system, were seen as the expansion of western education system. After that, with the rise of Chinese nationalism tide, Christian colleges came to enroll in Chinese government, realizing the localization in form. But in actual daily affairs running and management, there was a long way for localization to go, a great gap existed between the form and the fact then.What Coupled with localization, was requirement of civilization from Chinese society and government. To adjust to the situation, civilization tended to appear in Christian college. After all, Christian college was reluctant to accept civilization, but it had to. The trend of the civilization made western supporters so worried, they doubt whether Christian college would lose its Christian character after that. Simultaneously, Christian educator did not want to give in because of their pious religious belief, so they made their effort to put forward the religious education within the limit of the government"s law.After Nanking government was founded, it started to carry out nationalization policy in high education, taking a series of measures to consolidate and promote high education, so the latter, especially the national universities developed rapidly in those years, bringing great pressure in
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