论文标题:中国转型期城镇反贫困理论与实践研究
A Theoretical and Practical Study into Anti- Poverty in Cities & Towns during China"s Transitional Period
论文作者 王朝明
论文导师 袁文平,论文学位 博士,论文专业 政治经济学
论文单位 西南财经大学,点击次数 31,论文页数 365页File Size2066k
2003-12-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_393544192/ 中国转型期;城镇贫困与反贫困;人文关怀; 战略体系
China’s transitional period; urban poverty and anti-poverty;humanistic solicitude; strategic system
配合体制转轨和社会转型，中国的扶贫计划，已经推进了 10 多个年头，其成就是举世公认的，主要体现在农村反贫困行动已经取得突破性进展，贫困人口由 20世纪 80 年代初的 2 亿多人，锐减到目前的 3000 万人左右。虽然如此，中国反贫困的任务仍是十分艰巨的。当前，贫困现象不仅表现在农村，而且随着体制转轨，国企改革进入攻坚阶段，资金、技术和人力资源的重新组合以及产业结构调整的不可避免，企业下岗职工人数和城市失业者数量都在逐年增加，城市就业压力不轻，企业下岗职工再就业尚有相当困难，以贫困职工和城市长期下岗失业者以及部分农村流动人口为主体的城镇新贫困人群正在形成，原来不为人们关注的城镇贫困问题，正快速地凸显起来。政府、社会各界均已意识到城镇贫困问题的治理已迫在眉睫，中国扶贫事业面临新的情况和挑战。对此，我们必须对中国的贫困问题和反贫战略进行重新的反思和定位。本论文的研究正是基于中国经济体制和社会结构“双重转型”的背景，对骤然而起的城镇贫困问题进行经济、社会、人文、历史等多视角的深入考察和系统研究，即主要是从基本概念，贫困测度，致贫因素，反贫对策，目标和趋势以及国际比较上对城镇贫困问题进行更深入，更全面的调查研究和认识分析。并力求通过其理论与实践相结合的研究，构建符合中国特色的城镇反贫困战略体系，冀望能有助于缓解当前城镇贫困的蔓延，以便在继续推动改革深化的同时，统筹兼顾、协调好各种利益关系，尤其是切实维护好贫困弱势群体的切身利益，使他们能够分享到改革与发展的利益和成果，从而促进经济、社会和人的全面发展，以实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。论文共分 7 章，主要内容及观点如下：第一章，作为全论文的引论部分，开宗明义地提出了贯穿城镇贫困与反贫困研究思路的理论主线是人文关怀的精神，由此点明了本论文的研究主题和意义，并为后面各章的理论研究和实证分析注入了灵魂和精髓。而全论文这个研究内核的提炼：一方面，是基于对经济学研究贫困的历史梳理，从而发现从古典经济学到现代经济学关于人的研究和人文关怀精神已经逐步地丢失。这样，对涉及到人的贫困问题及其治理，主流经济学建树不多。相反，始终以社会生产方式及其社会制度作为研究对象，以人类解放作为奋斗目标的马克思主义经济学，科学地分析和深刻地洞见了自工业化以来资本主义社会贫困存在的根源，提出了解决资本主义社会贫困的制度变革方式，在这方面留下了宝贵的理论财富。这也正是我们要以马克思主义为指导，着力对当前中国转型期城镇贫困与反贫困研究进行理论创新和制度建设的根本所在。因此，笔者在引论中以马克思主义关于人的解放和人的全面发展的论断与邓小平共同富裕的思想为指针，重新诠释现代人文关怀精神，从而铸造中国转型期城镇贫困与反贫困研究的理论内核。另一方面，是基于对工业化社会以来反贫困的经验教训的深刻总结。要突破过去仅仅将贫困视为一种低经济收入和物质匮乏现象（当然这是贫困最基本的现象，但贫困的表现不止于此）的理解，扭转将反贫困囿 1 于临时性、施舍性的给钱送物的简单做法，提高扶贫的效果和效率，促使反贫困行动走上制度化、规范化和人文化的轨道，必须张扬人文精神的旗帜（这也是当前一些国际机构将物质贫困上升为人类贫困来治理的理由所在）。这样，才能从经济、社会、人文等方面构建中国城镇反贫困的战略框架、政策体系和组织结构；这也为我们在后面各章的研究中提供了一个跨学科边缘交叉分析的理论框架。此外，引论部分还界定了众说纷纭的贫困概念的基本内涵与反贫困的要义，提出了关于贫困类型的划分，给出了测量贫困程度的指标体系；同时从文献的角度，重点地阐述了马克思主义的贫困学说和社会主义国家及其转型过程的贫困与反贫困理论，以及经济学、社会学中关于贫困研究的代表性理论，并且确立了论文的研究方法、研究思路即框架结构。这一切为下文的分析奠定了必要的理论前提和学术准备。第二章，从现实客观的角度描述了中国转型期城镇贫困存在的状况。由于当前城镇贫困问题的突显，直接反映在城镇贫困人口构成的变化上。而说明这个变迁，我们运用了社会学关于社会分层的理论，分析了伴随着转型，原来计划经济体制下一些享有资源占有的阶层出现了分化，中国社会分层呈现多元化的格局。在社会分层加剧的条件下，城镇贫困人口结构发生了变化。为了识别这个变化的规模，探讨了尚无法统一的中国城镇贫困线标准，以及按照不同贫困线标准测算的城镇贫困人口规模，其中包括笔者提出的应把从农村进城的流动贫困人口估算在内的规模。在此基础上，分析了城镇贫困人口的分布情况和生存状况，运用英国学者汤森关于“贫困三分法”的理论，将当前城镇贫困归结为界于绝对贫困与相对贫困之间的“基本贫困”状态。最后，归纳出转型期城镇贫困的基本特征和社会影响。第三章，基于中国经济与社会的双重转型背景，全面探讨了 20 世纪 90 年
Based on the “Double Transition” background of Chinese economic system andsocial structure, this paper gives a thorough research and systematic study into thesudden emergence of urban poverty from the perspectives of economy, society,humanities, and history. Through the study of integrating theories and practices, thispaper tries to set up a strategic system with Chinese characteristics against urban poverty,which hopefully can be helpful to slowing down the spread of urban poverty at present,with the aim of taking into consideration in the interests of all concerned and making agood coordination among them, and especially maintaining the vital interests of the poorand weak in real earnest and ensuring that they can share the benefits and achievementsof reform and development so as to promote the all-around development of economy,society and individual and fulfill the grand goal of building all-around well-off society. The paper consists of seven chapters. Here are the main points: Chapter One: as the introduction of the whole article, it comes straight to the pointthat the theoretical theme of studying urban poverty and anti-poverty is the spirit ofhumanistic solicitude, and makes clear the research subject and significance of this paper,preparing the way for the theoretical research and empirical analysis of the followingchapters. Moreover, the introduction makes a clear definition to the basic connotation aswell as the importance of anti-poverty in spite of existing various opinions, and suggestsclassifications of the types of poverty and index system for the measurement of povertydegree. Meanwhile, from the perspective of historical document, it mainly illustratespoverty theories as held by Marxists, some poverty and anti-poverty theories of thesocialist countries in its transitional period, and some representative poverty theories ineconomics and sociology. The methodology and the train of thought, i.e. the frameworkof thought, are specified in this part, which lays the necessary theoretical foundations andmakes the academic preparation for the analyses of the subsequent chapters. Chapter Two: it describes the existing situation of urban poverty in China’stransitional period from the realistic and objective perspective. The sudden emergence ofurban poverty is directly reflected from the change of population structure of the urbanpoor. In order to explain this change, the author has borrowed the theory of socialclassification from sociology and analyzes that with conversion, differentiation occursamong the class that possess resources under the planned-economy system and adiversified setup comes into being in Chinese social classification. With the aggravateddifferentiation of social class, the population structure of the urban poor has changed. Inorder to identify the scale of this change, this chapter has discussed the standard forChinese urban poverty line that cannot be unified at present, and the population scale of 1 the urban poor measured according to different standards of poverty line. According tothe author, the population scale should include the shifting poor pouring into the cityfrom the countryside. Based on this, it analyzes the distribution and living conditions ofthe urban poor. Using English scholar Townsend’s “trisection of poverty” as a reference,the paper classifies the existing urban poverty as the “basic poverty”, between absolutepoverty and relative poverty. In the end, it sums up the basic features and social influenceof urban poverty in China’s transitional period. Chapter Three: based on transition background of Chinese economy and society, itgives an all-around discussion to the increasingly apparent causes of Chinese urbanpoverty since 1990s. The transition of Chinese economy and society is an irreversibletrend. But the great difficulties in the process of conversion are re
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