论文标题:环境犯罪疑难问题研究 Disposition of Error in Cognition of Irregularity 论文作者 李昌发 论文导师 梅传强,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 法律 论文单位 西南政法大学,点击次数 91,论文页数 42页File Size2222k 2004-04-23论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_400845627/ 农村土地制度;家庭承包经营责任制;土地产权体制;物权法;土地物权法;所有权;他物权;债权;农村土地权利制度;土地改革;集体化和人民公社化运动;家庭承包责任制;农村土地所有权;土地所有权;土地使用权;土地他项权;占有、使用、收益、处分;农用土地使用权、基地使用权(与国有土地上建筑的使用权利一致)、邻地使用权、担保物权(抵押权、质权、留置权 Estate system on countryside land;domestic contract liability system; estate right system on country land; property right law; property right law on land; ownership right; hetero-property right; creditor"s rights; Country land estate system; land reform;collectivized and communized movements; domestic contract liability system; land ownership right in our countryside; ownership right on land; usufruct right on land;hetero-property rights on land; hold, usufruct, proceeds and disposal; farmer land usufruct, construction land usufruct ( responded to the state construction land), adjacent land usufruct and security interest (mortgage right, impawn right and lien right) 近年来,随着社会经济的迅速发展,环境污染日趋严重,环境质量不断下降,环境问题已引起全世界的普遍关注,各国相继制定了一系列环保法律法规,为改善环境状况进行了不懈的努力,在这种形势下,环境刑法也应运而生。由于我国刑法对环境问题的关注是最近几年的事,很多理论问题尚未形成共识,所以,对此问题的研究具有明显的理论与实践意义。 1997年《刑法》第一次设专节对破环资源保护罪进行了规定,这表明了我国惩治环境犯罪的决心,拉开了进一步完善我国环境刑事立法的序幕;2002年《刑法修正案》中增加了两个环境犯罪的新罪条款,并对原有的两个环境犯罪条款进行了修改,使我国环境刑法有了突破性的发展。但总的来说,我国环境刑法仍存在环境犯罪种类偏少、刑法介入角度不到位、刑事法网薄弱等不足。与此同时,对环境犯罪的研究也出现了前所未有的热潮,理论界对环境犯罪的概念及构成要件、环境刑法的价值等问题都进行了深入的探讨,如环境犯罪所侵犯的客体是什么,环境犯罪是否属于危险犯,因果关系怎样认定,是否要规定严格责任等。从发展的角度看,我国环境刑法需要进一步完善的趋势已是历史的必然,作者基于对以上等问题的认识,详细论述了自己的观点,希望能为环境犯罪的研究增添微薄之力。 全文包括前言和正文两部分,约三万字。 前言部分简单陈述了作者写这篇文章的动机和意义。 正文分为如下六部分: 一、环境犯罪的概述。在这一部分中作者分析了“环境”的定义、环境问题产生的原因,并指出给环境下定义时应以自然为中心;同时,通过归纳环境犯罪的特点,给环境犯罪作科学的定义,旨在让人们对环境犯罪形成一个感性认识。 二、环境犯罪的客体。作者评论了关于环境犯罪客体问题的各种观点,指出从环境问题的本身出发,环境犯罪的客体应为环境权。国家为了维护环境的良性关系,规定了公民在享有、使用和保护环境方面的权利和义务。如果各行为主体能遵守法律制度,认真履行和承担保护、利用环境的义务,合理享有和行使环境方面的权利,则能使环境处于良好状态。环境犯罪正是行为主体违背法律规定,不正确履行义务导致的。对自己环保义务的不履行,就是对他人环境权的侵犯;在侵犯他人环境权的同时,又对自然环境造成了破坏,危及了人与环境的正常关系.所以说环境犯罪侵害的客体是环境权。这种观点不仅突出了该类犯罪客体的特征,又将一切环境犯罪行为包括在其中,能全面概括环境犯罪的内容和比较客观地体现环境犯罪的实质。 三、环境犯罪的客观方面。这一部分主要论述了两个问题:环境犯罪的行为方式、环境犯罪的因果关系。从破坏环境资源的手段看,可将环境犯罪的行为分为破荆于为和污染行为.作者认为破坏环境资源的行为只能由作为构成,不能由不作为构成。从环境犯罪的行为状态看,理论上可分为行为犯、危险犯、结果犯。由于现行刑法的环境犯罪多数属于结果犯,针对这一问题的分歧不大,所以本文对结果犯涉及较少,而主要探讨是否存在行为犯和危险犯。作者认为不应设立行为犯,因为在环境犯罪中,只有在危害环境的行为产生了危害结果或危险时才应加以惩罚。同时由于环境犯罪,尤其是污染类环境犯罪的特点,作者认为立法上应设立危险犯,以便在危害结果还没有发生时提前介入,防患于未然,更大力度地保护环境。在环境犯罪的因果关系中,作者着重分析了疫学因果关系,并指出其有促进环境和生态保护、促使企业加强管理、减少并防止污染发生的作用,符合我国刑法的目的,所以是摆脱司法困境和打击环境犯罪的最佳选择.作者同时指出在使用疫学因果关系时应加以如下限制:(l)只有污染环境的犯罪行为才能适用;(2)起诉方仍然有不可推卸的举证责任。 四、环境犯罪的主体。环境犯罪的主体分为自然人和非自然人.作为环境犯罪主体的自然人必须达到刑事责任年龄,并具有刑事责任能力.但对非自然人,即单位能否成为环境犯罪的主体,理论界存在争议.作者通过讨论指出法人犯罪是商品经济社会产生的新型犯罪,不能套用以个人责任为基础的传统刑法理论,而必须建立以个人责任和法人整体责任相结合的刑法理论.绝大多数严重危害环境的事故,是伴随企业的生产经营活动产生的,如仍恰守自然人才能构成犯罪主体的主张,就会使许多环境犯罪逃脱法律的制裁,所以单位应成为环境犯罪的主体. 五、环境犯罪的主观方面.这一部分主要讨论了三个问题:环境犯罪的故意形态、环境犯罪的过失形态、环境犯罪的严格责任.对于破坏环境资源的犯罪,其主观方面为故意,包括直接故意和间接故意。对于污染环境的犯罪,在主观上多出于过失,也有间接故意,但一般不会有直接故意。在环境犯罪的故意形态中,只要行为人对其行为可能产生的危害结果有盖蒸蒸鹭撇 即成立故意犯罪。 危害结果一般都有 发生置之不理,所 ,所以破坏环境资 Recently, with the rapid development of economy, the increasingly environmental pollution and deliningly environmental quality have caused severe popular attention all over the world. Therefore many countries took into action by carrying out environmental protection steps to release the crucial situation which leads to the emergence of environment criminal law.The stipulation about resourse-destroying accusation in 1997"s Criminal Law started the process of criminal legislation related to environment protection in our country. But generally speaking, our environment criminal law still has its disadvantages such as shortage of variety of environmental crime; deviation of direction of criminal law intervention; weakness of criminal law enforcing and so on. Basing on the understanding of this situation, the author presents his views in detail that contributes to the environmental crime study.It consists of 6 parts, including 30 thousand words.In part one, the author expands the definition of "environment", the reasons of this issue as well as the characristics of environmental crime so as to form a direct impression to public.In part two, the author firstly comments various views on the theme of criminal object for environmental crime. Then points out that according to the environmental problem itself, the object of environmental crime can be rationally summed up to the environmental right. This point emphasizas both the character of this sort of criminal object and the behavior of environmental crime, which can be comprehensively reflect the substance of it.Part three mainly discusses two issues: the behavior pattern of environmental crime and the causality between the two aspects. Through elaborating the charactristic of pollution crime, the author insists it is necessary to establish the regulation for "dangerous crime" legislatively so as to be prevented before the emergance of serious disaster.Meanwhile, the author believes that cautionsly using of causality can do benefits for both protecting the balance of ecology and enhancing the managment of industrial waste emitting.Part fore is mainly about the subject of environmental crime. The author attaches importance to the disputation on "whether a juridical peason(unit) can be regarded as a subject in environmental crime" . Because strict abidance of the idea that only natural peason can be viewed as criminal subject will surely lead to the penalty avoiding for most environmental crime, the author draws a positive conclusion.Part five mainly focusses on the aspect of subjectivity for environmental crime. The author proves that with the development of scientific tecnology, the petential destractiveness of science is increasing., therefor, public must pay close attention to the unpremeditalted environmental crime caused by improper scientific tecnology using. Though the author has realized the great danger of this, he still disagrees the practice of using the principle of "strict responsibility". The author considers that the principle has a posibility violates the purpose of our Criminal Law as well as confuse the criminal law system, which will lead to a tendency of legal trivialism and restrain of economy.Part six shows the author"s propose for environmental crime legislation.
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