论文标题:桃果实无毛和扁平基因的遗传多效性研究
Heretable Pleiotropic Effects of Glabrous and Saucer Shape Gene Loci from Peach
论文作者
论文导师 束怀瑞；陈学森,论文学位 博士,论文专业 果树学
论文单位 山东农业大学,点击次数 119,论文页数 107页File Size5128K
2007-05-25论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_4025047/
Peach;; Glabrous;; Saucer Shape;; Heredity ;;Pleiotropic Effects
本文通过桃(Prunus persica L.)496份品种资源、10个杂交遗传群体的481个单株中的普通桃、蟠桃、油桃、油蟠桃的品质、产量以及发育过程中形态、解剖、生理变化的比较分析,揭示了果实表皮毛基因、果形基因对品质、产量以及生长发育的遗传效应。 品种群研究的结果表明:①普通桃与蟠桃比较、油桃与油蟠桃比较,果形扁平性状使果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比增加;可滴定酸、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、平均单果重、果核重、核重/单果重、产量指数呈减少趋势。②普通桃与油桃比较、蟠桃与油蟠桃比较,果皮无毛使果实的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、着色面积、去皮硬度增加;可溶性糖、果皮韧性、平均单果重、产量指数呈减少趋势。③油桃与蟠桃比较,果皮毛对可滴定酸含量、色泽、产量指数的影响更大,而果形对可溶性糖含量、平均单果重的影响更大。④普通桃与油蟠桃比较,油蟠桃的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量均有显著增加,可滴定酸、平均单果重、产量指数显著减少。杂交遗传群体研究的结果:①不同类型果实发育期无显著差异(显著水平P<0.05,除特殊说明外,以下同)。②无毛和扁平基因均具有显著降低单果重的作用,其中扁平显著大于无毛的作用;无毛和扁平基因同时存在时,扁平和无毛对单果重的降低具有累加作用;不同遗传群体减少的程度有所不同,以普通桃为对照,遗传群体平均无毛降低16.79%,扁平降低39.04%,无毛扁平降低46.34%。③无毛和扁平显著增加果实可溶性固形物含量,当无毛基因和扁平基因同时存在时,对可溶性固形物的增加有累加作用;不同遗传群体减少的程度有所不同;以有毛非扁平形为对照,以群体平均值计算,无毛增加11.20%,扁平增加19.05%,无毛扁平增加27.64%。④无毛基因有增加可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量的趋势(P=0.1水平显著)。普通桃的果糖含量显著高于其他三种果实类型。 果实生长发育规律的研究结果表明:①普通桃、蟠桃、油桃、油蟠桃品种果实纵径、横径、侧径、果实鲜果重、果实体积、果肉鲜重和果肉干重的生长变化均呈‘双S’型生长曲线;其中蟠桃和油蟠桃的纵径在Ⅰ和Ⅲ快速生长期均显著小于油桃和普通桃,侧径没有差异;在整个发育过程中,蟠桃的纵径是普通桃的60%左右;油蟠桃只有普通桃的50%左右;在Ⅱ期,普通桃、油桃的果核干物质含量增加速度大于蟠桃和油蟠桃,尤其是油桃。②在细胞学方面,无毛基因减少了表皮细胞的层数、但增加了表皮细胞的厚度。在果实发育的第Ⅰ期,油蟠桃、蟠桃和油桃在亚表皮层细胞开始积累淀粉粒,其中油蟠桃亚表皮细胞淀粉数量最多,出现时间最早;油桃和蟠桃亚表皮细胞淀粉粒数目较少;普通桃未见淀粉粒;果皮无毛和果形扁平基因均具有增加果皮亚表皮层淀粉粒的作用,且两个基因的作用具有累加作用;油桃的中果皮细胞一直处于较小的状态。在果实发育的第Ⅱ期末,普通桃、蟠桃、油桃、油蟠桃表皮细胞的大小依次为558μm2、563μm2、738μm2、1044μm2,亚表皮细胞的大小依次为1190μm2、936μm2、907μm2、624μm2,中果皮细胞的大小依次5931μm2、4071μm2、3342μm2、4539μm2,均与平均单果重无显著相关。③油桃表皮细胞的超微结构显示,随着表皮和亚表皮细胞被深色的填充物填充,细胞壁变得扭曲、加厚和栓化,形成果点;果点下薄壁细胞的细胞壁上存在局部收缩区域,分布胞间连丝,胞间连丝近旁淀粉粒大而且明亮。果点数量密度大的果实与果点密度小的果实比较,近表皮果肉可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著高。④普通桃、油蟠桃果实近果皮层果肉的淀粉、可溶性糖、可滴定酸均大于中果皮层,在果实内存在由表皮向内的内含物降低的梯度。
Diversification of fruit types is peach breeding trends. Peaches have a wide diversity of fruit types according to looking,only one gene G/g,(pubescence/glabrous)or S/s( saucer shape/ nonsaucer) different exists between a peach and a nectarine, between a flat and a peach , they form 4 types together by looking, peach , nectarine, flat peach and flat-nectarine. 496 peach cultivars , 481 seedlings of 10 families, or some samples of them were compared in their quality , yield index , fruit development, cell structure and inclusion to identify the heretable pleiotropic effects of glabrous and saucer shape gene from Peach The results were as follows: (1)According to cultivar groups, comparing peach and flat peach, nectarine and flat-nectarine, the results showed that saucer shapes had higher SSC, higher soluble sugar contents, but lower titratable acid contents, firmness without skin, average fruit weight and yield index. Comparing peach and nectarine, flat peach and flat-nectarine, glabrous characteristics, cultivars had higher SSC, titratable acid contents, flesh degree, firmness without skin, but lower soluble sugar contents, fruit average weight and yield index. Comparing peach and flat-nectarine, flat-nectarine SSC and soluble sugar contents were higher and lower titratable acid contents, fruit average weight and yield index. (2) According to family groups,both glabrous gene and saucer shape decreased significantly average fruit weight. Decreasing effect could be accumulated when glabrous and saucer shape existed together, but they had no mutual effects. Average fruit weight of nectarine was decreased by 16.79%, flat peach 39.04%, flat-nectarine 46.34%. Glabrous gene and saucer shape increased significantly SSC. Increasing effect could be accumulated when glabrous and saucer shape existed together, but they had no mutual effects. SSC of nectarine was increased by 11.20%, flat peach 19.05%, flat-nectarine 27.64%. Both glabrous gene and saucer shape could increase sugar content , the increasing effect was significant when glabrous and saucer shape existed together. The changing regulation of sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were not found to be influenced by glabrous gene and saucer shape gene, but peach relative glucose content was higher than flat-nectarine significantly .Glabrous gene could increases titratable acid contents(P=0.1). (3) The fruit pattern of peach,nectarine,flat and flat-nectarine were seen as double sigmoid curves vertical diameter, cross diameter , suturn diameter,fruit weight,fruit volume,fresh flesh weight and dry flesh weight. The vertical diameter of saucer shape fruit undergone a slower growth rapid than nonsaucer duringⅠandⅢperiods; During whole growth periods, the vertical of flat peach was 60% of peach, and flat-peach was 50% of nectarine. The dry pit of peach and nectarine had a rapid growth duringⅡperiod. The out epidermis cells were 1～4 layers for peach and flat, and only one for nectarine and flat nectarine, pubescence gene influenced on the number of epidermis cell layer. There were thick cuticle at out wall of epidermis for nectarine and flat-nectarine, especially flat-nectarine. Glabrous gene made epidermis higher thickness/ width. The shapes of sub-epidermis were round for peach and flat, but rectangle for nectarine and flat-nectarine, the width was bigger than thickness. There were much many starch granule at sub-epidermis cell for flat-nectarine, and many for nectarine and flat peach, but nothing for peach. The starch granuled of flat nectarine had formed 22d after full bloom for flat nectarine, 29d for nectarine and for 50d for flat peach. During fruit develop period, mesocarp of nectarine was the smallest among 4 types. By the end ofⅡperiod, the average size of mesocarp cells were respectively peach, flat-nectarine, flat and nectarine from big to small size. By the end ofⅡperiod,the cell size of sub-epidermis for peach ,flat, nectarine and nectarine and flat-nectarine were respectively 1190μm2,936μm2,907μm2,624μm2, the cell size of mesocarp respectively 5931μm2,4071μm2,3342μm2,4539μm2, the cell size of epidermis respectively558μm2,563μm2,738μm2,1044μm2. There were no significant correlation between the cell size and fruit average weight. The ultra-structure of the development of fruit dots: epidermis and sub-epidermis cells were filled with dark substance, the wall of cells were twisted and formed stomatic cells; stomatic cells wall became thick and phellem and then fruit speckle formed. The results showed that plasmodesmata exist at parenchyma cells under epidermis cells, a great deal of starch-typed plastids are present around plasmodesmata. The starch content, soluble sugar content and titratable acid contents of near epidermis cell were higher than inside.
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