论文标题:间谍犯罪若干问题研究
The Research on Some Points of the Espionage Crime
论文作者 朱颢
论文导师 卢建平,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 刑法学
论文单位 中国人民大学,点击次数 100,论文页数 64页File Size528k
2005-05-20论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_405037367/ 上市公司; 财务欺诈; 识别模型
Listed companies; Financial frauds; Model for detecting
从犯罪学的角度看,间谍犯罪不是一个单独的罪名,而是与间谍活动相关的一类犯罪的总称,因此了解并研究其渊源、发展和特点,对于打击和预防这种犯罪具有不言而喻的重要意义;从刑事立法的角度看,间谍犯罪被通过一定的立法技术细化成若干具体的罪名,从而被纳入刑法的视野和范围,所以完善刑事立法对这些具体罪名的具体规定是发挥刑法功能的必然要求。可见,选取间谍犯罪中的若干重要问题进行研究无论是在理论层面上还是在实际层面上都具有一定的意义和价值。第一章是对间谍和间谍犯罪的概括介绍。间谍首先并不是一个刑法上的概念,而是国际公法(尤其是战争法)上的概念。无论是在东方还是在西方,间谍都有着古老的历史渊源。传统的间谍基本上都是以政治、军事情报为刺探的对象。到了现代,由于经济因素在激烈的竞争(这种竞争是全方位的,既包括国际竞争,也包括国内竞争;既有出于政治目的的竞争,也有纯粹的商业性竞争)中变得越来越举足轻重,间谍所针对的对象也发生了变化——经济间谍大量出现。可以说,这种新型的间谍与传统型间谍在当今的间谍领域中具有同等重要的地位。由于间谍具有严重的危害性,各国纷纷在刑法中将间谍规定为犯罪行为,这就使得间谍犯罪成为了一个刑法学上和犯罪学上的概念。起初它主要是指专门为传统间谍“量身定做”的间谍罪。但随着间谍本身的发展,作为下位概念的它也有了新的内容,即经济间谍犯罪。间谍犯罪具有一些突出特点,比如危害的严重性、多层次性;犯罪手段的隐蔽性、多样性、高科技性;与其他犯罪的交织性等等。第二章通过比较的方法,对“间谍罪”这一具体罪名展开研究。笔者选取了一些国家的刑事立法作为参照,按照一定的标准将它们加以分类,分析各种立法例的特点。接下来笔者介绍了我国刑法中的间谍罪,包括该罪的沿革、构成要件、法定刑等方面。在这一部分里,台湾问题与该罪的密切联系是我国的一个独特之处,而且也具有重大的现实意义。因为自从97年刑法取消了“特务罪”,将台湾谍报人员也按照“间谍罪”定罪处罚以来,台独分子就一直借此大做文章,煽风点火。对此,笔者严厉地驳斥了他们的谬论,并通过论证说明刑法的上述修改完全符合“一个中国”的原则。在介绍了国际和国内的立法情况之后,笔者展开了比较分析,对间谍罪中几个较为重要的问题,如该罪侵犯的法益、该罪的行为、主体、主观、刑罚等进行研究。一方面指出我国刑法规定的合理性,另一方面更着眼于发现问题、提出建议。在经过了第一章的铺垫之后,第三章对经济间谍犯罪进行了探讨。对于是否要将经济间谍行为纳入刑法的视野,抑或仅用民法手段加以保护就足矣了,国外学者是有争论的。笔者认为,将经济间谍行为看作单纯的民事侵权,这种定性很难说是正确的,而且这样的保护力度也远远不能适应实际的需要。必须将这种行为纳入刑法调整的范围。在肯定了这一点之后,笔者研究了国外对经济间谍犯罪的立法状况。这其中重点考察了美国的《经济间谍法》(EEA),因为它对经济间谍的打击力度之大、保护范围之广,在各国当中是罕见的。此外,该法还对经济间谍犯罪加以区别,对国外经济间谍和国内经济间谍作了不同规定,这种立法例是很有借鉴意义的。经济间谍犯罪在我国不仅存在,并且随着市场经济建设进程的不断深入而大有愈加普遍之势,其危害性日渐凸显。对于经济间谍犯罪,我国刑法主要通过“侵犯商业秘密罪”来加以规范。同一些国家的刑法缺少对经济间谍犯罪的明确规定相比,我国刑法具有一定的合理性和前瞻性,但仅仅这一个罪名能否涵盖多样的经济间谍犯罪?能否在当前的特定条件下(因为经济的顺利发展对于我国来说及其关键)充分发挥刑法的保护功能?这些都是值得置疑的。有鉴于此,笔者建议,我国应当参考美国的《经济间谍法》,区分不同的经济间谍行为,加大对经济间谍的打击力度,从而为国家的经济利益以及其他市场主体的利益提供更加有效的保护。
According to the criminology, the espionage crime is not a single name of crime, but a general idea of crimes which relate to espionage activities. For that reason, out of question, it’s so important to investigate and know its origin, evolution and characteristics. According to the penal legislation, the espionage crime has been reified into some accusations, so it’s absolutely necessary to refine the prescript of these accusations in order to make the penal law more effective. Anyway, it’s worthy to research some points of the espionage crime, both in theory and practice.In the first chapter, there is a summary of the espionage and the espionage crime. First of all, the espionage is not a concept of the penal law, but a concept of the international law (especially the law of war). Espionage has a long origin both in the eastern world and in the western world. Generally speaking, the traditionary espionages are interested in the political information and the martial information. Nowadays, because of the economic factor is more and more important in the competitions (these competitions have a wide range, including the internal competitions and the international competitions; the political competitions and the commercial competitions), the objects of the espionage have been changed: there are lots of economic espionages now. We can say that the economic espionage has equal significance with the traditionary espionage. For the espionage is very harmful, all the countries have espionage crime in their penal laws, that makes the espionage crime a concept of the penal law and the criminology. At first, it means the crime of espionage only, but with the development of the espionage, there becomes new content in the espionage crime: the economic espionage crime. The espionage crime has some important characteristics, for example, serious harm, multiplicity, confidential, various measures, technological, and so on. In the second chapter, the author has carefully researched the crime of espionage by the means of comparison. The author chooses some foreign penal laws, classifies them and analyses them. After that, the author has introduced the crime of espionage in Chinese penal law, including the evolution of this crime, the essential factors and the penalty of this crime. In this section, the author has noticed that there is a close relationship between the crime of espionage and the “Taiwan Problem”. Since the “97 Penal Law” replaced the “crime of secret agent” for the “crime of espionage”, the splittists often keep making use of this change for splittism. In the author’s opinion, this is totally ridiculous, because the change of the penal law is consistent with the principle that “there is only one China in the world”. After the introduction of the foreign and internal legislation, the author try to give analysis on some points of the crime of espionage, such as the benefit it offence, the behavior, the person who commit this crime, the subjective matter and the penalty of this crime. On one hand, the author try to point out the reasonableness of our penal law; on the other hand, it is more important to find out the problems in our penal law and give some advice.After the matting of chapter 1,in the third chapter, the author does some research on the economic espionage crime. Should the economic espionage be regarded as a civil or a criminal matter? The foreign scholars have controversy on this question. In the author’s opinion, it’s not reasonable to simply regard the economic espionage as a civil matter, and this kind of protection has lots of shortage, it can’t meet the need of practice. For that reason, the economic espionage must be regarded as a criminal matter. After that, the author does some research on the foreign legislation about the economic espionage, especially the American (EEA). It gives a heavy strike on economic espionage crime, and provides protection which have wide range. This is really unusual in other countries’ legislation. Besides this, |
