论文标题:现代汉语“有”字比较句考察
The Inspection of"有"-Comparative sentence in modern Chinese
论文作者 曾艳
论文导师 李金元,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 现代汉语
论文单位 华中师范大学,点击次数 935,论文页数 42页File Size1550k
2001-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_418862/ “有”字比较句;“没有”比较句;不对称结构; 否定;语境因素
有-comparative sentence,没有-comparative sentence,unsymmetrical structure,negative,language circumstance
本文把由“有”或“没有”作标志并表示比较的句子叫做“有”字比较句，以“有”字比较句为主要研究对象，对“有”字比较句的语形特征、语义类型以及语用价值进行了考察。 本文的主要观点可以归纳为以下几点： 1．在“有”字比较句中，当比较双方是同一事物在某一方面的两个时间或地点时，相比较的双方有一方必须显现，而另一方则可以是显现的，也可以是隐含的。在“有”字比较句的标准表层结构中，比较前后项必须相同，但在实际的言语表现中存在着不对称现象。“有”字比较句不对称结构表现为句法类型和语义类型相互交错不对称。造成“有”字比较句前后项不对称的原因之一是省略。 2．在“有”字比较句中，比较值项“这么、那么”的用法是有差异的。“这么、那么”分别具有近指和远指的意义。语义上的“远” 和“近”，大体可以分为（一）时间距离的远近；（二）空间位置的远近。本文以说话人在说话时的时点和说话时所处的位置作为基点，即参照时（地）点，从时间的先后和空间的位置两个方面来考察“这么”和“那么”在“有”字比较句中的用法：当引入的比较对象所涉及的时间在参照时点之前，要用表示远指的“那么”；当引入的比较对象是当前的情况，即正在参照时点上，用表示近指的“这么”。根据引入的比较对象的不同，空间位置上“这么、那么”在用法上是不同的，本文从①比较后项是第一、二人称代词时②比较后项是第三人称或别的第三者③比较后项中有“这”、“那”等指示代词三个方面探讨了“这么、那么”在使J 厂自霎霎昌I 厂工L人一／二”人十＼一、。二t＊ V八－三R＜二三三SI三 用上的差异。 3．“没有”型比较句成立的条件之一在于：比较前项与比较后项属于同类 事物，是据实比较；而“有”字比较句成活率较高的是比较前后项不同类、 因而带有比喻、夸张意味，具有鲜明形象性的句子。将“有”字比较句换成“没 有”比较句后，句子不成立的原因在于用肯定比较句是为了描述说明比较前项， 而一旦用“没有”否定时，这种描述意义便不存在，句子没有提供新信息，所 以句子成立的可能性较小。两者成立的共同条件是：比较后项必须极具某种性 质，由此表现出比较前项在这种性质上的程度。 4．“有”字比较句包含着一个动态的比较过程，而“像……一样”句式是 一种静态的比较。 5．从语言表达角度讲，否定是影响句子意义的合语法性的一种重要的语 境因素。从逻辑上讲，肯定比较句是正命题，否定比较句是负命题。如果肯定 比较句为真，则否定比较句为假，反之亦然。但是，表现为正命题的肯定比较 句并不总是存在相应的否定比较句，肯定比较句和否定比较句的真假值也并不 一定是相反的。即逻辑否定和语言否定的内容和表现方法并不是完全相同的。
The thesis regards W-comparative sentence-the sentence formed with " W ", " as symbles, thus the whole sentence have the meaning of comparativity as the main object of study,and inspects its form characteristics and semantic types as well as the pragmatic values.The author "main viewpoints can be concluded as the following:1 .When the two comparative sides are two times or places of the same thing in some aspects,only one of them is required to appear,while the other can be appeared,or implied.In the standard surface structure of W -comparative sentence,the two comparative subjects must be the same,but this is not always the true in the real speech. The dissymmetry of the W-comparative sentence represents in that the syntactic types and the semantic types crisscross.One of the reasons of the dissymmetry is omission.2.The "zheme> name"which we called comparative values are different in use. They have the meaning of close instruction and distant instruction respectively.The "close" and "distanf"in semantic can be divided into two aspects:time and space.The thesis regards the time when the speaker speaking and the location he have as the starting point,inspects "zheir^ name""s usage in the W-comparative sentence from the aspects of time and space.When the time concerns with the comparative subject is before the starting point,use"name".When the time is just at the starting point ,use"zheme". According to the comparative subjects"s differents, "zheme name""s usage is different as to in space.The thesis inspects this in three aspects: ﹚hen the later comparative subject is the first and the second personal pronoun.(2)when the later comparative subject is the third personal pronoun or theother third person.(3)There is "zhe, na"and other demonstrative pronoun in the later comparative subject.3 .One of the condition of existence of 没有-comparative sentence is the two comparative subjects belong to the same category ,they are practical comparativity.The two comparative subjects of 有-comparative sentence often belong to different categories,thus the whole sentence shows a metaphoric exaggerated and figurative meaning.When we changed “有” to“没有”,the reason that the sentence isn"t tenable is that use affirmative comparative sentence is to describe and illustrate the former comparative subject,but when use “没有”sentence,this describing and illustration meaning isn"t exist at all,the sentence didn"t provide the new information ,so the legtimacy of this sentence is very low.The common condition of the two comparative sentence"s legtimacy is the later comparative subject must have the highest of some characcter,so it can represents the former comparative subject"s degree in this character.4.The W-comparative sentence contains a dynamic comparative process,but the “像……一样” sentence don"t have it ,it shows a static comparativity.5. Among the language circumstances that influence the sentence"s grammatical legality, negation is a important one.In logic, affirmative comparative sentence is positive proposition,the negative is negative proposition.If the affirmative comparative sentence is true ,then its corresponding negative is false and vice verse.But, the affirmative comparative sentence didn"t always have the corresponding negative ,the affirmative comparative sentence and the negative one"s true-false value isn"t always the opposite.That is to say,logic negation and language negation aren"t completely the same in contents and presentation ways.
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