论文标题:教育、搜寻模型与中国城市就业问题
Education、Search Model and the Problem of China"s Urban Employment
论文作者 刘兰
论文导师 庄子银,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 西方经济学
论文单位 武汉大学,点击次数 27,论文页数 60页File Size2019k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_419778572/ 教育;搜寻;失业;就业;劳动力市场
Education;Search;Unemployment;Employment;Labor Market
本文着力于探讨劳动力市场上教育对就业的影响。西方对就业问题的研究最早可以追溯到古典经济学家，但西方就业理论真正形成于20世纪30年代大危机期间。20世纪70年代以来，新凯恩斯主义的粘性工资理论和新古典主义的搜寻与匹配理论的出现，大大发展和完善了就业理论。近几年来，中国的失业下岗问题日益严重。不少学者指出可以通过扩大教育规模，提高劳动者的教育水平这一途径，来解决社会就业问题。实际上，无论是人力资本理论，还是筛选和信号传递理论，都认为具有较高教育水平的劳动者将会得到更多的就业机会、更高的工资收入和更高的社会地位。 然而，现实中人们发现：教育在人们的就业和再就业中发挥的作用是非常有限的。通过对中国下岗人群再就业状况的研究，我们更是惊讶地发现教育“失灵”的现象。为什么理论与现实会出现偏离呢?是什么因素导致了教育不能充分发挥其对就业的促进作用呢?如何才能改善这种状况呢?这是本文要研究的问题。 本文运用搜寻理论和计量模型对此问题进行了深入的理论分析和实证检验。指出教育对就业作用的发挥有一个暗含的前提：即存在一个完善的劳动力市场。之所以在我国会出现这种理论与现实的矛盾，主要原因在于劳动力市场不完善，具体表现为搜寻成本的上升，劳动力市场的分割以及信息不畅，人力资本的专用性阻碍劳动力的自由流动。随着中国劳动力市场制度建设的进一步完善，和经济结构的进一步调整，教育必将在就业和再就业过程中发挥更大的作用。 全文分四个部分。第一部分是理论综述，重点介绍了西方就业理论的最新发展，以及传统经济理论中对教育与就业之间关系的阐述。 第二部分沿袭了匹萨雷亚迪斯(Pissarides，1985，1994)搜寻模型的基本框架，构建了一个包含教育与就业的两部门搜寻模型。证明了在一个完善的劳动力市场中，教育能降低劳动者的失业概率，提高其就业收益；而且受过教育的劳动力比例和高效率部门的空岗一失业率的上升，也会降低社会的总失业率。 第三部分是中国的实证分析，运用计量模型分析了教育对中国就业增长以及下岗职工再就业的影响。发现平均受教育水平和第三产业占GDP比重的上升能提高社会的就业水平，但是，劳动者的受教育水平与其失业率之间并没有显著的线性相关关系，教育对工资的回报率也比较低，而且高素质人口比重的增加对就业增长的贡献并不是很大。 第四部分是提出了一些有针对性的结论和政策建议。指出要充分发挥教育对就业的促进作用，就需要进行经济结构的调整，完善劳动力市场，降低劳动力的职业转换成本，并对下岗职工进行针对性的再就业培训。
This paper focuses on the effect of education on employment. The research on employment can trace back to classicalism, but the employment theory formed in the 1930s when the crisis happened. In the 1970s, sticky wage theory and search and matching theory appeared, which have developed and advanced the employment theory greatly. Recently, China"s unemployment and laid-off problem has become more and more serious. In order to alleviate the serious social pressure on employment, some scholars have suggested that we should broaden the scope of education and heighten the education level of labors. In fact, both the human capital theory and the screening and signaling theory regard that the labor forces who is well-educated can enjoy more employment opportunity, higher income and higher social status.However, people find that the effect of education on employment and re-employment is limited. Through the survey on re-employment state of laid-offs in China, we are astonished to see the phenomenon of "education failure". Why will the reality be deviated from the theory? What does it happen? How to improve it? This is the issue that this paper focus.This paper discusses the problem from the aspect of theoretic and empirical analysis. It explores that education can play an important role in a perfect market. However, China"s Labor market is imperfect. Some factors may impede the mobility of labors, such as the rising searching cost, the segment labor market and the asymmetric information, and the appropriability of human capital etc.This paper can be divided into four parts. The first part introduces the latest development of employment theory, and explores the relation between education and employment in the traditional economic theory.The second part builds a two-section search model including education and employment, which follows the basic frame of Pissarides(1985, 1994). The model shows that in a perfect labor market, the more education one accepts, the lower probability of unemployment and the higher income he will face. The rate of unemployment will reduce when the number of educated labors increases, or the ratioof vacant-searcher in high-efficiency section goes up.The third part makes some empirical analysis. Through the analysis, we find that the rising of average education level and the proportion of the tertiary industry in the GDP can increase the employment in the society. However, there is not remarkable linear relevant relation between the labor"s education level and their probability of unemployment o At the same time, high-quality population contribute little to employment.Finally, this paper puts forward the corresponding policies and measures. This paper reaches to some conclusions that we should improve the labor market, carry on the adjustment of economic structure, reduce the labor"s professional conversion cost, and train the laid-offs.
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