论文标题:1949—1956：中国法制建设的回顾与反思
Study on the Reform of the Financial Management in the Government Organizations
论文作者 韩威
论文导师 柳建辉,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中共党史
论文单位 中共中央党校,点击次数 148,论文页数 41页File Size2104k
2000-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_423936202/ 人民政协,法律地位,宪法惯例,国家机关
Intangible assets appraisal, Patent rights Know-how, Replacement costing method, Income-discounted method
中国要建设社会主义法治国家必须从历史中求取借鉴，吸取教训，避免重蹈覆辙。1949—1956年中国共产党领导开展的法制建设本来有个良好开端，但由于客观的历史局限和主观认识上以及具体工作中的失误，给后来的法制建设留下了巨大的隐患。本文力求探求失误之所在，为今天国家的法治建设提供借鉴。 全文分四个部分： 第一部分分析建国初法制建设面临的历史环境。从中国法制现代化的视角看，建国初的法制建设应该是承继自清末立宪改革以来中国法制现代化进程的重要环节，它是在旧中国法制现代化基础上获得的新发展。新中国成立后，新生的人民政权需要由新法制予以确认和巩固，社会经济文化、生产生活等各个领域的活动和社会关系都需要规范和调整，因而，执掌政权的中国共产党负有领导法制建设的历史重任。作为一个执政党，中国共产党对建国后的法制建设工作有一定的理论准备和设计规划，勾画了社会主义法治国家的蓝图，但在理论和实践上仍有很多缺陷，新中国法制建设就是在这样的历史背景下开始的。 第二部分对建国初法制建设的历史从三个方面进行简单回顾。按照历史和逻辑的顺序，中国共产党进行的第一步工作，就是废除旧法制和改造旧的司法机关。这是以马克思主义理论和苏联的法制实践为参照的，具体就是对国民党的《六法全书》全面、彻底地废除，改变原司法机构的人员结构，改造司法人员的思想观念。第二步工作是创建社会主义法制，建立人民的司法体制。这一过程以1954年宪法颁布为界，分为两个阶段，即新法制的初创阶段和奠基阶段。在中国共产党在领导下，法制创建工作取得了显著的成就，基本确立了社会主义的法律体系。第三步是构建新的法律文化。这是最深层次的法制建设和改革，它主要体现在法律教育和法学研究上。 第三部分是对问题和失误的反思。建国初的法制建设由于初期的基础没有打好，致使后期的法制建设遭遇了挫折。失误主要表现在两个层次：一是法制观上的误区，中国共产党形成了“阶级本位”的法制观，排斥法的继承性，强调法的阶级性、工具性，这就导致在法制建设中出现“左”的错误，用政策代替法，对法制建设轻视、忽视，时举时废。二是在法制实践中存在立法缓慢，人民代表大会权力不实，对党的地位作用界定规范不明确，法律文化建设跟不上现实需要，司法活动中弊病较多，缺乏客观公正等问题。正是这些失误，为日后埋下了巨大的隐患，1957年后开始显露，到“文革”时期形成“无法无天”的混乱局面。 第四部分是结语，提出当前进行法治国家建设应注意解决的三方面实际问题：即中国共产党必须在宪法和法律的范围内活动，使人大和政府的权力真正落到实处；加强人民代表大会的职能，健全完善社会主义法律体系，切实实行依法治国；树立法律的至上权威，培养公民法治意识和法治观念，实行司法独立。
The thesis aims at describing the historical evolution of S&T(short for Science&Technology) Policy of the P.RC., summarizing the experiences and drawing the lessons, and so benefiting contemporaxy China. In the introduction, the thesis stresses two points. Firstly, S&T have been more and more important productive forces. Secondly, the governors have been paying more and more attention to S&T Undertaking. Then, explains the concept of S&T Policy and the main framework of the thesis. There are four periods in the history of S&T Policy of New China. The first stage is the Foundation Period. The Chinese Communist Party(C.C.P.) established the socialist system in I 949.Since then, our country formed he people science outlook, conglomerated intellectuals and remoulded their ideology. We also carried out the policy of earn S&T from the Soviet Union? But at the second stage the policy suffered repeated setbacks, just like he shape of a saddle in 1956,the Party raised a clarion call to science and the guiding principles for literature and art, the latter is called et a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend Just at that year, a long ang plan for developing S&T was worked out. That has been called olden age in the science history of New China. The Anti-Rightist Campaign and the Leap Campaign made the policy be deviated. We had to correct the deviations and resume proper policies in 1960.The third stage is the ulture Revolution The eft deviation policy held sway. S&T Undertakings was undermined. In the meantime, the proper policy also exited. The last stage is the New Period. After bringing order out of chaos, we formulated new guiding principles for developing S&T , which made it be closely connected with Economy, so we began to reform S&T structure in 1980. We have been implementing the strategies of developing the countly by relying on science and education since 1995. Now, the new century is coming, Economy based on knowledge is dawning , we must modify our S&T Policy and implement it better. The policy of New Period was proper, all-around and steady. Based on these, the thesis draws several conclusions in the end: The S&T Policy of New China is closely related with the political line. Accomplishing the modernization of our country is the heart of the policy. The Marxist view on S&T is the policy theoretical basis. The long erm programme is the policy main content. At last, the thesis puts forward some enlightenment and suggestions for managing S&T Undertakings.
|
