论文标题:当代埃及的威权主义与政治民主化问题研究
A Study of Authoritarianism"s Transformation and Democratization in Egypt Since 1952
论文作者
论文导师 彭树智,论文学位 博士,论文专业 世界史
论文单位 西北大学,点击次数 157,论文页数 269页File Size16511K
论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_43048782/
Egypt;; Civilization Intercourse;; Authoritarianism Regime;; Democratization;; State-Society;; Islamism
1952年七月革命后的埃及构建了新威权主义的国家政权,并在此基础上形成了具有埃及特色的威权主义政治和经济发展模式。20世纪70年代中期以后,埃及开启了威权主义的政治转型和民主化进程。由于存在于国家、社会与政治伊斯兰三者之间复杂的政治、经济和社会交往关系,导致埃及的政治转型和民主化进程异常缓慢而艰难。 本文从文明交往(确切地说主要是政治交往及其互动规律)的视角出发,考察活跃于当代埃及政治舞台上的三支基本力量——国家、社会和政治伊斯兰(主要是穆斯林兄弟会)在威权主义的构建与转型及政治民主化问题上的历史演进,探究三者之间的互动关系及其本质,分析它们对于埃及民主化的作用和意义,为中东和第三世界的民主化研究提供个案分析和启示.研究方法上,本文立足于实证研究和比较研究,始终以历史学的分析为主线,同时重视政治学、宗教学、社会学等多学科理论与方法的交叉与互补。 本文分作导论、正文五章、结束语等共七部分。 导论主要阐释了本课题的缘起——立足于埃及政治变革的经验教训对中东和发展中国家现代化启示的问题意识,以及本文的理论线索(威权主义政治)、研究维度(国家、社会、政治伊斯兰的关系)、国内外学术界关于埃及政治发展问题的研究现状,最后阐述了本文所使用的理论方法、分析框架、创新等。 第一章主要从不同文明之间交往的角度(即历史运动与现实运动的交往互动),阐述了近代埃及早期现代化的历史进程(19世纪西方殖民入侵和埃及被迫融入现代世界体系)及殖民主义遗产对20世纪后半期埃及政治现代化的深刻影响。 第二章则分析了政治运动与经济运动的交往互动作用下,“国家”作为主要政治交往力量的制度性构成,主要内容包括共和国成立后威权主义政治形成的因素,威权主义的国家结构、政府运行、政治特征,以及威权主义经济发展战略视角下经济发展模式的嬗变。 第三章阐述了政治伊斯兰作为第二个基本的政治交往要素分别在组织上(特别是温和的穆斯林兄弟会)和思想上(主要是20世纪80年代兴起的伊斯兰中间主义思潮、伊斯兰宪政主义)对埃及世俗国家政权的冲击和挑战,探究对于埃及这样一个伊斯兰因素根深蒂固的国家,其政治运动与宗教运动的交往互动。 第四章则从政治运动与社会运动的交往互动的角度对埃及民主化的重大问题“国家与社会”进行阐释和分析,研究第三支政治交往力量——社会(主要包括埃及的政党、公民社会、妇女)对威权主义和民主化的影响和作用。 第五章从埃及政治权力和政治权利的交往互动出发,把国家、社会、政治伊斯兰三者同时置于威权主义政治交往的框架内,即在“选举政治”中的博弈和实践,通过对埃及历次人民议会选举的考察和对21世纪初期埃及的宪政改革的分析,研究宪政民主机制存在的主要问题和缺陷。 本文结束语部分是对埃及的威权主义政治转型进行探索性总结,试图从三个层面提升政治交往对于制度文明交往的互动作用。首先,通过对中东主要国家的权力交接所形成的模式进行比较,分析了埃及可能的路径选择及其模式的形成;其次,在“国家—社会”的分析框架下,对埃及伊斯兰教与世俗政权之间经历的“不曾对抗”到“互相对抗”的关系历程及其对民主化的意义进行评述;最后,就埃及现实和未来的政治而言,政权的稳定并不意味着政治稳定,政治稳定更不是政治停滞,如何实现制度上的创新将会是长期的挑战,而在稳定中推进现代化,并最终消灭威权主义则使埃及陷入现代化的“困境”。
Since the revolution of 23 July 1952, the personal authoritarian rule system in Egypt was established under President Nasser and then formed a kind of development model with Egyptian characteristics in politics and economics. It is very slowly and stagnant or stalled that the transition process from authoritarian to democratization which began in 1970" by President Sadat and then by President Mubarak, because there are very complicated relations among the state, society and Islamism, the three main political actors in contemporary Egypt. This dissertation is to investigate the process and progressiveness of these three actors in the formation of authoritarianism on the one, and to evaluate their effects and significance to the Egyptian democratization on the other. It is from the angle of the view of political civilization"s intercourse in theory and depends on multi-disciplines intercourse of history, political science, religions and sociology in method. This dissertation includes seven parts. In the introduction, I mainly present the issues and objects will to be solved in the article, review relevant achievements, give the aims and meanings of the study, and state the framework of analysis, the writing methods and the innovation in the dissertation. In Chapter 1, from the angle of the intercourse and affection between the history and the present, I trace the Egypt"s early modernization and the process that Egypt was affiliated to the modern-world-system. This chapter also analyzes the colonialism legacy and its four aftereffects to Egypt in 20~(th) century. Chapter 2 provides the factors which result in establishment of the authoritarian regime, gives the structure of the state and its characteristics, and expatiates on the transformation of the economic mode with the economic development strategy. Islamism is one of the most important actors in the Egypt political arena. The fundamentalists challenge the authoritarianism state and its elite"s roles in institution, for example, the moderate Muslim Brothers on the one hand, and in ideology on the other, for the Islam Centrism or "wasatiyya" and Islamic Constitutionalism. These are the subjects of Chapter 3. Chapter 4 examines the role of the society for the liberalization in the framework of sate-society. I mainly focus on the political pluralism by analysis of political parties, civil society and women"s political participant. One point demonstrated is the regime to control and to restrict the activities of political parties, civil society and women"s participant more than to liberate them. Chapter 5 investigates the history of the People"s Assembly and president election in Egypt since 1976, I discuss the main three actors how to run for the political power in competition and the articles which the regime amends the permanence constitution in 1971, their goal is the change not only of the political order but also of the game rule. Reassessing the main themes discussed in the dissertation, the conclusion argues that the transformation of the Egypt authoritarianism in three aspects. Firstly, compared with the other Middle East countries, the authoritarianism regime will reform the political system from up to down; Secondly, it can be seen two kinds of relationships between the secular state and the Islamism, the Islamists confront the state but not always do it; Lastly, the countries" modernization requires the political stability and then political stability calls for the authoritarian rule, but the authoritarianism has stalled the development, this is a paradox by cycle. The future is not nearly as bleak as the past, but it still needs time and time to realize democratization in Egypt.
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