论文标题:比较优势陷阱与中国外贸战略选择
Research on the Methods of Evaluation and Choice of Supply Chain Partner
论文作者 曾珠
论文导师 易敏利,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 国际贸易学
论文单位 西南财经大学,点击次数 539,论文页数 65页File Size491k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_4307402/ 比较优势;竞争优势;知识优势;外贸战略
comparative advantage,competitive advantage,Knowledge advantage,foreign trade strategy
加入WTO是我国经济融入世界经济体系的关键一步，也是经济全球化的重要进展。在如何开展对外贸易上，发展中国家大都是按照传统的比较优势理论，强调劳动力和资源上的优势，推行比较优势战略。从第二次世界大战后的国际贸易发展来看，尽管发展中国家获得了一定的利益，但是与经济发达国家经济差距并未缩小，反而有进一步扩大的趋势。发展中国家出现了贸易条件恶化、贫困化增长的局面，陷入了“比较优势陷阱”。比较优势陷阱的出现使发展中国家必须反思自己的贸易战略，正确认识和利用本国的比较优势，并确立新的贸易战略。本文的看法是：虽然我们不能说“比较优势”的概念已经完全过时，但是，仅仅依靠“比较优势”的概念和思考问题的方式是不能把握今天“新经济”时代基本经济特征、并制定出有效的国家战略的。我们需要用新的“国家竞争优势”的理论来重新规划我们的经济战略问题。竞争优势战略并不排斥比较优势，也不是对比较优势的简单否定，可以把它看作是对比较优势的发展和深化，是比较优势战略在新形式下适应潮流的必然转化。在如今的知识经济时代，决定一个国家比较优势和竞争优势的是知识竞争力。所谓知识竞争力，指的就是以知识和信息的生产、传播及应用为基础，以知识创新和技术创新为手段，以高新技术产业为支柱，实现可持续性经济增长的能力。因此，未来的国家竞争优势最终必然体现在知识优势上，今后我国贸易发展战略应该围绕如何提升我国的知识竞争力来展开。本文第一章分析了比较优势及其局限性。首先，简要介绍了比较优势理论的核心内容。从理论的逻辑推理上讲，比较优势理论是比较完美的。但在现实的国际贸易中却出现了所谓“里昂惕夫之迷”此类的比较优势理论无法解释的现象，更严重的是以比较优势理论作指导、执行比较优势战略的发展中国家出现了贸易条件恶化和贫困化增长的现象，出现了比较优势陷阱。由此，本文接着分析了“比较优势”策略的现时不适应性，这主要是由于其发挥作用的前提发生了变化，使其优势无法继续存在。然后，详细阐述了“比较优势陷阱”的内涵及分类。第二章着重分析了中国现行的比较优势战略。中国的外贸战略长期以比较优势理论作为指导思想，着实取得了前所未有的成绩。我国产业结构和出口商品结构都得到了明显改观，对我国产业升级和外贸长远发展将起到积极的推动作用。但随着对外贸易规模的扩大和国际、国内经济形势的变化，比较优势战略呈现出许多不足：传统比较优势正在减弱；大国经济效应限制了比较优势的发挥；引进外资的方向与产业结构升级之间有偏差。然后，文章对这种不适性进行了剖析。我国长期采用比较优势战略，强调利用劳动力优势，这使得引资过程中注意力主要集中在如何将现有的劳动密集型产业规模扩大上，忽视了外资企业在技术和资本上对我国产业结构的提升。因此，我国对外贸易发展战略必须要进行调整，比较优势战略已不能适应我国经济发展的新情况，应将比较优势战略转向竞争优势战略。第三章首先阐述了新形势下，国际经济和国际竞争已经呈现出许多新特点，单纯依赖比较优势战略已经不能满足中国参与国际竞争的需要。为了适应当今国际经济形势，最大限度地获得贸易发展的动态利益，必需树立竞争优势理论的指导地位，才能提高我国贸易商品的国际竞争力，更好地通过贸易发展战略来促进我国产业结构的良性调整，促进我国经济长期持续快速地发展。作为一个发展中的大国，改革开放二十多年所取得的光辉业绩不但为中国的经济发展奠定了坚实的基础，也为我国外贸战略的转变创造了许多客观上和主观上的有利条件。但另一方面，我国目前的市场经济还处于起步阶段，市场竞争还不充分，市场体制也不尽完善。从我国各类企业的不同情况来看，普遍处于机制尚未完全理顺，竞争能力不足的状态。在现有市场环境下，种种条件的限制都使得竞争优势战略的实施不可能一蹴而就，需要一个循序渐进的过程。接着，论述了竞争优势理论运用的现实障碍。第四章主要是讲经济全球化下如何将比较优势转化为竞争优势，并进一步建立以知识为基础的竞争优势。这一部分首先分析了比较优势和竞争优势的关系：竞争优势战略并不排斥比较优势，也不是对比较优势的简单否定，可以把它看作是对比较优势的发展和深化，是比较优势战略在新形式下适应潮流的必然转化；有竞争优势一定会拥有比较优势，而具备比较优势不一定拥有竞争优势；传统的比较优势是静态分析，而竞争优势正是其动态化的一个方面。文章接着阐述，长期以来，我们是突出自己的资源禀赋的比较优势生产劳动密集型产品，在经济全球化的背景下，这种比较优势不一定能成为竞争优势。我们现在要谋求的具有竞争优势的比较优势不是资源禀赋的比较优势，而是要通过努力创造出的比较优势，其中包括在产业升级基础上形成的比较优势和生产技术密集型产品的低成本优势。在知识经济时代，国家之间的竞争将更多地表现为以知识为核心的高科技竞争，知识竞争也就成为未来中国贸易发展战略的必然选择。在此，文章从比较优势和竞争优势两个角度入手阐明了知识产权保护对国际贸易竞争力的影
China’ entry into WTO is not only a vital step of joining the global economy, but also an important advance of economic globalization. Most developing countries have been adopting the traditional “comparative advantage” as their guiding theory, emphasizing their advantage of cheap labor and resource. China is no exception. As a matter of fact, although our economic development has made great achievement, the economic gap between developing and developed countries is becoming wider and wider. Developing countries’ terms of trade is deteriorating, thus forming “comparative advantage pit”. This phenomenon impels us to rethink this traditional theory and our trade strategy, correctly understanding and utilizing our comparative advantage, and establishing proper trade strategy.The author’s point of view is that, comparative advantage theory is not completely out of date, but only relying on it, we can’t make out effective trade strategy. We need new “national competitive advantage” theory to re-programming our economic strategy. Competitive advantage theory neither excludes, nor simply denies comparative advantage, but can be viewed as the expansion and deepening of comparative advantage. In today’ knowledge economy, what decides country’ comparative and competitive advantage is knowledge competitive ability. Therefore, in the future, national competitive advantage will inevitably be reflected in the form of knowledge advantage. Thus, our trade strategy should focus on how to improve our national knowledge competitiveness.Chapter One analyzes comparative advantage and its limitations. First, it introduces the core content of comparative advantage. In theory, comparative advantage is relatively perfect. But in practice, it can’t explain many international trade activities, such as “Leontief paradox”. And hence, it analyzes this theory’ inapplicability, which results from the change of its premise. Afterwards, it interprets the connotation and classification of comparative advantage.Chapter Two focuses on China’ s comparative advantage strategy. Under the guidance of comparative advantage theory, China’ trade and economy have made unprecedented achievement. However, with the expansion of foreign trade and the change of international and domestic economic situation, comparative advantage strategy is not as adaptable as before. Afterwards, it analyzes the reason underlying the phenomenon. Thus, we have to adjust our foreign trade strategy, transforming comparative advantage strategy into competitive one.Chapter Three presents the new characteristics of international competition under new international environment. Then, it discusses the practical obstacle of competitive advantage strategy in use. So its application is a gradual process and can’t be accomplished in one single step. Virtually in our foreign trade activities, consciously or unconsciously, we have already been using competitive advantage theoretic guidance. Besides, our rapid economic development has created many objective and subjective advantages for the transformation of our trade strategy.Chapter Four tells how to transform comparative advantage into competitive one with economic globalization. First, it analyzes the relationship between comparative advantage and competitive one. The comparative advantage with great competitiveness does not come from cheap labor or resource, but is based on industrial upgrade and technology. Then, in times of knowledge, the new round of competition is focused on high technology, of which the core is knowledge. So knowledge competition will inevitably be embodied in our future trade strategy and knowledge advantage should be cultivated undoubtedly. And then, it talks about the current situation of China’ intellectual property protection, which is not yet satisfactory. Therefore, we should establish our awareness to protect our own intellectual property. Many suggestions are given to this issue.During the process of analyzing this old concept of “comparative
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