论文标题:我国城市农民工社会保障缺失问题探析
Analysis on Social Security Default to Our Country"s City-farmer-laborers
论文作者 覃双凌
论文导师 王祥俊,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 马克思主义哲学
论文单位 广西师范大学,点击次数 175,论文页数 38页File Size494k
2004-05-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_43867422/ 城市农民工; 社会保障; 缺失; 对策
city-farmer-laborers; social security; default; countermeasure
改革开放以来，随着我国城乡二元壁垒的松动，农民不断地走出土地，到城市就业，实现自身职业的转换。然而，长期以来由于一系列制度的安排，在我国农民更多的是一种身份的象征，而不是一种职业的称谓，所以，尽管农民进入城市，从事新的职业，却很难改变其农民身份。社会出现了不被现行制度认可的具有双重身份的“亦工亦农”群体——城市农民工。由于受我国“二元”社会保障制度的影响，城市农民工虽然在城市里工作和生活，但他们享受不到城市社会保障，他们的社会保障不健全，保障程度较低，必然对社会产生不利的影响。笔者在总结学术界对城市农民工社会保障问题研究成果的基础上，并结合自己的社会调查，对城市农民工社会保障缺失问题进行深入的分析探讨，并提出解决城市农民工社会保障缺失问题的对策建议。一、我国城市农民工的形成及其社会保障的现状改革开放以来，我国的“民工潮”一浪盖过一浪，其主要原因除了城市经济发展形成的“拉力”和农村人多地少的矛盾形成的“推力”外，社会结构转型也是引发我国社会现代化进程中出现的大规模农民进城打工的现象的重要原因。大规模的农民进城后，由于受我国“二元”社会保障制度的影响，他们的社会保障不健全，保障程度较低。主要表现在社会保险、社会福利、社会救助三个方面。二、我国城市农民工社会保障缺失对社会的影响社会保障是社会的“安全阀”。 城市农民工社会保障缺失必然对社会的稳定和发展产生不利的影响。主要表现在以下四个方面：第一，城市农民工社会保障缺失使城市农民工的生活陷入困境和强化其相对剥夺感，从而加剧了城市违规、违法、犯罪活动。第二，城市农民工社会保障缺失不利于农民工正常进城居住，因而形成聚居区贫困，制约了城市化进程的健康发展。第三，城市农民工社会保障缺失产生了农户兼业经营行为，由此产生“最低生活保障形态农业”，导致整个农业的低效率状态，影响了农业及农村经济社会发展。第四，城市农民工社会保障缺失难以保护劳动力和促进劳动力再生，不利于全国统一劳动力市场的形成，阻碍了我国社会主义市场经济体制的完善。我国城市农民工社会保障缺失的原因我国城市农民工社会保障缺失既有客观原因，也有主观原因，是主客观原因共同作用的结果。客观原因主要是：第一，我国经济发展水平的局限。我国的经济发展水平决定了我国现阶段还不具备建立“一元化”社会保障制度的客观条件，社会保障制度呈明显的“二元化”特征。经济发展水平低造成农民工劳动力市场供大于求，是一个卖方市场，农民工就业时处于被动地位，难以向雇主提出社会保障的要求。第二，我国城乡分割的二元户籍制度。城乡分割的二元户籍制度是我国城市农民工社会保障缺失的制度性原因。迄今为止，我国社会保障制度的改革，基本上还是以户籍为基础，分别在城市和农村两个层面上进行。城市社会保障覆盖的都是市民。城市农民工因没有城市户口而被排斥在城市社会保障制度之外。以户籍为基础形成的城市二元劳动力市场使农民工只能进入“次属劳动力市场”，而进入“次属劳动力市场”的人自然成为社会上的低收入阶层，难以得到完善的社会保障。主观原因主要是城市农民工社会保障意识薄弱和深厚的乡土情结，城市农民工宁愿把打工的大部分收入寄回家乡建房子，也不愿购买社会保险。他们担心交纳的保险金以后收不回来，总想挣钱回去建设农村的家园。城市农民工收入偏低、流动性大无法持续参加社会保险。解决我国城市农民工社会保障缺失的对策建议我国城市农民工社会保障缺失是一个复杂的社会问题。笔者提出几点解决城市农民工社会保障缺失的对策建议。（一）深化户籍制度改革，归位户籍制度。深化户籍制度改革，实行城乡统一的户口。消除有差别的农业户口与非农业户口，取消有差别的就业制度以及其他与户口挂钩的政策，是解决城市农民工社会保障缺失的根本所在。（二）政府为农民工提供“公共劳动”形式的“最低生存保障”制度。政府管理部门可以为农民工建立一些低薪的“公共劳动”形式的“最低生存保障”制度，以保证那些暂时失业的、身无分文的农民工能够通过参加“公共劳动”找到饭吃，保障其生存。（三）政府的责任：分层分类地建立城市农民工的社会保障。首先，大力宣传并严格执行《工伤保险条例》，提高农民工的工伤保险及雇主的安全生产意识。其次，分类建立城市农民工的医疗保险制度和生育保险制度。第三，分类把城市农民工纳入城市养老保险范围。第四，分类把城市农民工纳入城市失业保险范围。除此之外，尽可能为农民工建立相应的社会救援制度。（四）建立健全城市农民工社会保障制度的相关保障措施建立城市农民工社会保障制度是一项长期的工作，在城市农民工社会保障制度还未建立的情况下，政府应尽快建立与城市农民工社会保障制度的相关保障措施。第一，建立健全相关法规,加强执法力度。第二，规范管理,提高管理水平。第三，政策支持,保障制度运行。第四，多方保护,提供便利。
Since our country’s reform and opening to the world and with the flexibility of binary bulwark between city and country, the presents ceaselessly entered into the cities to have a work. However, for a long period as the influence of series system, presents in our country is not a profession name but an identity. Therefore, although the presents come into the city and have a new work, their identities do not change. Thus they have double identity---both present and worker, and so called city-farmer-laborers. For our country’s binary social security, the city-farmer-laborers can’t feast the equal social security as the townsman, which brings to a default, that brought negative effects. This thesis probes into the social security default of our country’s city-farmer-laborers, basing on the research achievement of other scholars, as well as the author’s social research, and brings forward the countermeasures and instances to solving this issue.Ⅰ.The formation of the city-farmer-laborers and their actuality of social security Since our country’s reform and opening to the world, our country’s tidal current of city-farmer-laborers is becoming more and more serious. The main reason is because of the transformation of our social construction, except the appearance of the contradiction between the cities’ rapid development and the country’s complexion of “more people but less land”. With the gush of the city-farmer-laborers, their social security is disbennifit to our country’s binary social security. This mainly manifests on social insurance, social welfare and social help.Ⅱ.The social effect of the social security default of our country’s city-farmer-laborersSocial security is the society’s “safe valve”. The social security default of our country’s city-farmer-laborers will by all means bring negative effect to the society’s stabilization and development. Firstly, it will make their life get into hot water and this pricks up their irregularity, transgress and misdeed. Secondly, it is not stead for the inhabitancy of the city-farmer-laborers and thus restricts the development of the city. Thirdly, it brings the plurality of city-farmer-laborers and so the “the neap of agriculture”. This is disbennifit to the development of the country. Fourthly, it is disbennifit for the reproduction of the labor and to the form of the nation’s unitive labor market. This blocks the consummation of our socialist market economy.Ⅲ. The whys-analyses to the social security default of our country’s city-farmer-laborersThe social security default of our country’s city-farmer-laborers not only has it’s object whys, but also subject whys. The former is mainly because of: Firstly, our country’s economy development level. This induces that our country doesn’t possess the unitive but binary social security. The level of economy development brings “the supply exceeds demand” of the city-farmer-laborers’ labor market. The presents dare not demand the social security when obtaining employment. They are at the passive role. Secondly, our country’s binary registered residence system between city and country. This is the institutional reason to the social security default. Until now, our social security reform is basically laid on registered residence system, and carried through on city and country separately. The social security in cities is to the townsman but not the presents. The binary labor market basing on the registered residence system makes the presents loss of choice but to enter “second labor market”, and so they become the low-level income estate, they can’t get the perfect social security. The latter reason is because of the city-farmer-laborers’ dim consciousness and deep agrestic plot. They prefer to post their income back home to construct a house than to spend on social security. They worry that their insurance can’t come back. Furthermore, their income is low and fluxion, they can’t persist joining in social security.Ⅳ. The countermeasures and instances to solve the social secur
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