论文标题:关于中国城镇贫困问题的探讨
The Study of the Poverty Problem in Chinese Town
论文作者 邱松
论文导师 徐充,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育
论文单位 吉林大学,点击次数 60,论文页数 47页File Size341k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_447455047/ 知识 ; 知识商品 ; 知识价值; 价值测度模型
knowledge; knowledge goods; knowledge value; value measurement model
一、贫困问题的理论考察贫困，本是一个模糊概念，它不具备确定性。随着经济发展、社会进步和人类文明水平的提高，随着一个民族对于社会福利、平等和作为基本人权部分的生存体验有了更深刻的认识，贫困的内涵和界定贫困的标准也在发生相应的变化。而把握住变化的规律性，对于制定相应的反贫困战略具有不可替代的基础作用。（一）贫困的涵义与特征1、贫困概念的界定贫困，作为历史留始人类的一份特殊遗产，已引起当今世界的普遍关注。中外学者对贫困含义的界定众说纷坛。我国学者对贫困的理解大致有两种观点。一种认为贫困即是物质生活上的困难，缺少维持基本物质生活的资料，另一种则认为贫困不仅是物质上的缺乏，还包括精神上的贫困，尽管各种表述不一，但可归述为：贫困即是一个人或一个家庭缺少维持最低生活水准的能力。我们认为，贫困既是一个经济学概念，又是一个社会学概念，它是经济、社会、文化落后的总称，是由低收人造成的缺乏生活所需的基本物质和服务以及没有发展的机会和手段这样一种生活状况。具体说来，全面、科学的贫困含义应包括以下四个层次的内容：(1)贫困是一个综合概念，它不仅有广义与狭义之分，还有绝对与相对之别。所谓狭义贫困，专指经济意义上的贫困，即经济贫困或物质贫困。广义贫困是指经济、社会、文化、心理等综合要素缺乏。(2)贫困是个相对概念。无论在什么时间和什么地区，贫困总是相对于富裕而言，它们是矛盾统一体。没有发达地区，就没有所谓贫困地区；无富裕阶层，也就没有贫困阶层。一般认为，所谓相对贫困，是指由收入差距所造成的贫困，且一般指已解决了温饱问题，但收人差距大，这时往往把一定比例确定为相对贫困。绝对贫困主要存在于发展中国家，在我国，贫困一般指的是绝对贫困。(3)贫困又是一个具体概念。贫困的内容是具体的，而不是抽象的，这是因为人们维持基本生活需求的物质在一定时期是既定的。(4)贫困还是一个动态概念。人类社会在不断发展，人民生活水平也在不断提高，但历史证明，贫困并未随之消失，将来只要人类未进人共产主义社会，贫困也不会消失，只是衡量贫困的水准不断改变。而且，就世界范围而言，发达国家和发展中国家的贫困不可同日而语。贫困因时间、地点、条件、国家等不同而不同。2、贫困的特征根据贫困的一般定义，我们可以看出以下几点特征：（1）贫困的多元性，也就是贫困可以从经济、社会、文化、精神等角度去分析，但主要还是要从经济意义上来把握。对贫困表达方式的不同，只是反映了对贫困问题某一侧面的重视和强调。（2）贫困的社会性，指贫困是低于“最低”或“最起码”的生活水准，而这种“最起码”是得到社会公认的。所谓贫困标准的制定，就是根据社会公众认可的标准，开出维持最低生活需要的一张“清单”。（3）贫困的不完整性，贫困直拉表现为“低收入”，缺乏“物质和服务”，其实质是缺乏“手段”、“能力”以及“机会”。从这个意义上说，贫困问题可视为缺乏问题，反贫困问题的核心是改变缺乏的状况与程度。（4）贫困的相对性，是指从纵向看，它是一个历史概念，虽然在某个年度和若干年份它是静态的、不变的，但在一个较大的时间跨度内，它是动态的、变化的，变化的速率依经济发展的快慢和公众对最低生活标准理解的变化而定；从横向看，贫困的标准也是不同的，主要取决于一国的社会经济发展水平，由于各国的经济发展差异较大，因此，很难用一些固定不变的标准和指标加以评定。二、中国城镇贫困问题的基本状况从统计汇总情况看，标准最高的是广东省深圳市每人每月310元，最低的是贵州省黔西县78元，全国平均水平在130--150元左右。全国保障对象人数为1382万人，约占非农业人口3.12亿人的4.43%；如按全国城镇人口3.9亿计(注：城镇人口统计数据中包含着大量的农业人口在内)，则为3.5%。最高的上海市每人每月303元，最低的青海省每人每月124元。按各省贫困标准统计，全国贫困人口为?1477万人，约占非农业人口的4.73%，占城镇人口的3.8%。另据国家统计局《中国统计年鉴--2000》公布的1999年全国40044户城镇居民家庭收支抽样调查资料，最低收入组中的5%困难户年人均可支配收入为2325.70元，年人均消费性支出为2327.54元，收支相抵，负1.84元。如加上失业、无业人员中的贫困人口和传统的民政“三无”对象，全国贫困人口应不低于1500万人。综合上述情况，民政部、国家统计局、中华全国总工会虽然调查统计贫困人口的方法和角度不尽相同，但得出的数据大体接近。具体可分为四部分人群：一是“三无”人员，即长期以来由政府民政部门救济的社会救济对象；二是贫困的“失业”人员，即在领取失业救济金期间家庭人均收入低于当地贫困线的居民；三是贫困的在职、下岗人员以及退休人员，即在职人员领取工资、下岗人员领取基本生活费、退休人员领取退休费或养老保险金后其家庭人均收入仍低于当地贫困线标准的居民；四是残疾、疾病等其他原因造成的贫困居民。国家统计局对城镇17000户居民家庭的抽样调查显示，2000年，占调查户数5%的贫困户收入十分低下，年人均可支配收入为232
一、Investigation of the theory of poverty problem Poverty should be a misty concept, it is uncertain. Along with the economic development, the social progresses and the exaltation in human civilization, along with a race having a deeper cognition about social welfare , equality and existing experiences which is regarded as one part of basic human rights , the content and the definition standard of poverty vary homologously . But mastering the laws of the variety has an unsubstitute role in making the homologous anti-poverty strategy.1、The definition of the poverty conceptOur scholars have two kinds of standpoints about the comprehension of poverty. One thinks that poverty is the difficulty in the physical life, is the difficulty to maintain the basic physical materials; The other regards poverty as not only a kind of material lack, but also including the spiritual absence. Though every kind of standpoint says different, to sum up they are common in: The poverty is that a person or a family lacks an ability to maintain the lowest living standard.Say in a specific way, complete and scientific connotation of poverty should include at least four points below.(1) Poverty is a synthetic concept, it has not only the broad sense and the narrow sense, but also has the difference between absoluteness relativity.(2) Poverty is a relative concept. Regardless of whenever and wherever, poverty is relative to wealth, and they are the unity of opposites.(3) Poverty is a concrete concept. The contents of poverty is concrete, not abstract, for the materials demanded by people to maintain the basic living need are definite in a specific period. (4)Poverty is a dynamic concept. Because poverty varies with time, place, circumstances and countries and etc.2、Characteristics of povertyAccording to the general definition of poverty, there are several characteristics as below:(1) The pluralism of poverty(2) The socialism of poverty(3) The incompleteness of poverty(4) The relativity of poverty 二、The basic condition of the poverty problem in Chinese towns.From the statistics, the highest level of income is in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, with 310 yuan each person monthly; the lowest is in Qinxi county, Guizhou province, with only 78 yuan per month. Taking China as a whole, the average standard is about 130-150 yuan. Plus the poor population of the unemployed, those have no jobs and those taken as “having not three” by civil administration, the amount of population in poverty should not be lower than 1,500 mariad. The poverty population can be divided in to 4 parts concretely: firstly, "having not three " people; secondly, the unemployed who are living in poverty; thirdly, the employed, laid-off and retired poor population; lastly, other poor residents caused by disablement sickness and so on.三、The reasons and characteristics of the poverty in towns1、The analysis of causes of formation about the poverty in townsFirstly, the main reason is the increasing laid-off workers.Secondly, the prominent cause is that the enterprises profit is little, workers" income is low, workers" welfare can not get guarantee.Thirdly, another important cause is that the town society guarantees system is not sound and complete.Fourthly, the individual and homely factors also has a direct influence on the formation of poverty.2、The main characteristics of poverty in towns(1) Constructure, regional and hierachical poverty co-exist, and the abosolute quantity is bigger.(2) Large parts of residents belong to the relative poverty, but the ability to save themselves is bad, so they live difficultly.(3) The feeling of deprival is serious, were deprived to feel mightiness, the ability to assemble is strong, so there exists unstable factor.四、The strategy and countermeasures of solving the poverty problem1、The future trend of the Chinese poverty problemThe standard of measuring the poverty level will be high; The historical inflluence which leads to poverty dies down, and the new influence
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