论文标题:1840—1911年中国货币制度研究
Study on Monetary System of China from 1840 to 1911
论文作者 宋佩玉
论文导师 吴福环,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 中国近现代史
论文单位 新疆大学,点击次数 173,论文页数 62页File Size3227k
2001-05-04论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_452906962/ 贷币;信用;潜金融;显金融;金融深化;货币政策;传导机制
Money;Credit;Undercurrent finance;Formal finance;Financial deepen;Monetary policy;Monetary policy transmission mechanism
我国货币的流通，大约已有四五千年的历史。自秦汉以来，逐渐确立了圆形方孔制钱和银两并用的货币体系，这与中国封建社会漫长而缓慢的发展相适应。 但是这种稳定性到鸦片战争爆发前后，被西方资本主义入侵打破了。中国晚清货币制度的发展过程，也就是中国社会半封建半殖民地化的过程。它的复杂变化正显示出中国近代历史的一个侧面。本文从纵向叙述中国清末货币制度的变化和发展，同时横向分析各种纷歧复杂的新旧货币制度给社会经济带来的影响。 1840——1912年的中国货币制度史只有短短72年，但比起秦汉以来2000余年的货币制度要复杂的多。 本文分六个部分，第一部分作为文章的绪论，主要是概述了1840——1912年中国货币制度的历史。 第一章论述和分析了鸦片战争以后，制钱、银两和外国银元的发行、流通状况，及对中国公私经济的影响。 第二章则论述鸦片流入所造成的白银大量外流，使旧有的货币制度出现了新的问题——即银贵钱贱，这时候关于货币制度的的争论纷繁迭起，表现在实际操作中，即咸丰朝财政困难时期，滥发大钱和官票宝钞。 第三章是同治光绪朝机铸制钱、自铸银元问题的争论。 光绪十一年（1885），福建开始用机器试铸制钱，这使得规复制钱有了希望。然而制钱由于其自身的种种缺陷，不会因为用近代化机器制造就能继续存在，最终于1890年被机器铸造铜元所代替。这一时期外国银元流通日广，几乎窃居了主币的地位。为了挽回利权，自铸银元逐步成了中心议题，并于光绪十五年（1890）张之洞在广东机铸龙洋开始大量铸造。 第四章是及至甲午战争，内忧外患使得货币制度改革的呼声较高。这一时期主要围绕着四个问题进行讨论。即本位问题、两元之争、铜辅币问题和发行纸币问题。最终于1910年《币制则例》的颁布，而告一段落。清末币制改革历时将近10年，《币制则例》的颁布从法律上初步建立了银本位制，采用七钱二分重银元为主币，铜元做为银元的辅币进行流通。 从清末中国币制问题中，我们不难看出：对于半殖民地半封建的中国，外国势力企图插手和控制其货币制度，而中国提出币制方案的人在思想上又难免自觉或不自觉地使中国货币依附于外国，因而存在着一个不能自己发展的现实。另一方面，上述种种币制方案毕竟是改革封建的货币制度，开了近代币制改革的先声。它们的提出，显示出中国币制改革的重要性与紧迫性，体现了解决币制问题的复杂性与长期性，同时又预示着中国落后的封建货币制度发生历史性变更的必然性。 用现代人的眼光来看，中国的货币是没有制度可言的，若要放宽尺度，那么，历史上的各种措施，无论其怎样混乱与不合理，都可以说是一种制度。撰写本文，我们还必须明自什么叫货币制度。 货币制度即国家为了保障本国的货币流通正常的有关法律规定及程序，国家以法律确定货币流通的组织形式，使货币流通的各种基础构成因素结合为一个统一的系统，包括以下几个部分：一是：确定货币金属与规定货币单位；二是确定本位货币机器铸造与流通；三是确定辅币材料极其铸造与流通；四是规定纸币及信用货币的发行与流通。 本文的结论部分正是从这些货币制度所包含的要素中去探讨晚清货币制度发展的近代化的动态过程。 本文试图对这一时期纷繁复杂的货币制度进行一次系统的整理，并在此基础上，对晚清货币制度的发展、演变结局以及货币政策的得失成败进行一些初步的研究，以求教于师长及同学。
The monetary circulation in China has a history of about four or five thousands years. China had established its monetary system of coins and silver tael since Qin-Han Dynasty, which is adapted to the slow progress of long Feudal Society in China. But the stability of monetaly system was smashed by the invasion of Western Capitalism when the Opium War broke out. The development of monetary system in Late Qing Dynasty was the process in which China had been turning into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. The various changes of monetary system showed a profile of the history in Chinese modem times. In this paper I lengthways discuss the transmutation and development of Chinese currency system in Late Qing Dynasty and crosswise analyze the influence to the society and economy brought by the intricate Old and New currency system. Although the history of Chinese monetary system between 1840 and 1912 was only 72 years, it was quite complicated compared to the monetary system in Qin-Han Dynasty 2000 years ago. This paper can be divided into six parts. Part I, as the exordium of the paper, mainly summarize the history of Chinese monetary system between 1840 and 1912. Part II (chapter one) discusses the issuance and currency status of coins, Silver Tact and foreign-made silver coinage, and its influences on China抯 public and private economy. Part III (chapter two) discusses the outflow of silver coins due to the inflow of the opium, which brings about a new problem of monetary system, that is to say, the revaluation of silver coins and the devaluation of copper coin. At that time, the argument about monetary system happened frequently. During XianFeng抯 Reign, when the finance problem was hard, the government overissued Big Copper Coins and State-issued Notes. Part IV (chapter three) discusses the quarrel between GuangXu抯 and TongZhi抯 Reign about governor machine-made coins and self-made silver coinage. In the 11th year of GuangXu抯 Reign (1885) FuJian province began to cast coins by machines, which made it hopeful to reestablish the coins system. But because of its own defects, machine- made coppers replaced machine-made coins system in 1890. At this time foreign silver coinage was widely used and gradually become the standard currency. To retrieve the rights and profits, self-made coins problem had been the central topic to be discussed. Chang Chih-tung began to cast the machine-made coins on large-scale in Kwangtung Province in the 15th year of GuangXu抯 Reign (1890). Part V (chapter four) discusses that inner concern and foreign aggression made it urgent to reform the monetary system after the Jia- Wu War. There were four questions to be discussed at this time, which included the problems of the standard currency system, the disputation between tael and Yuan, and the issuance of copper fractional currency and paper currency. These disputations came to an end after the promulgation of the monetary system ordinance, which set up the silver standard system by law. In this circulation system, the silver coinage of seven Chien and two Fen functioned as the standard currency, while the copper coins as the fractional currency. Part VI, the peroration of this paper, probes into the modernization of dynamic process of monetary system in Late Qing Dynasty from the elements involved in the monetary system. In this paper I attempt to systematically arrange the complicated
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