论文标题:斯温伯恩宗教哲学思想述评
Views of Swinburne"s Religious Philosophy
论文作者 张雪松
论文导师 何光沪,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 宗教学
论文单位 中国人民大学,点击次数 93,论文页数 88页File Size755k
2005-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_456744337/ 包山楚簡, 複音詞, 虛詞, 文字考釋
Chu Banboo Writing of Baoshan; multisyllable words; empty words; explaination of ancient Chinese characters.
名·名结构是指由多个(两个或两个以上)名词(或名词性短语)构成的名词性结构。作为名词性结构的一种,名·名结构在上古汉语中比较常见,对该结构的研究不仅是理解名词的重要途径,更是短语结构研究的一个重要组成部分。《庄子》是先秦时期的一部重要典籍,它的语料基本上体现了当时的语言事实。因此,从考察《庄子》一书的名·名结构入手,可以使我们对上古汉语的名·名结构以及名词有一个比较清晰准确的认识。本文首先对名词作了两个层级的划分:第一层级,从名词的词汇意义和语法功能着眼,将名词分为专有名词、普通名词、时间名词、方位名词四类。第二层级,以名词的生命度为参考项,将专有名词分为有生专有名词,无生专有名词;将普通名词分为有生普通名词、物质名词、抽象名词。在具体的考察过程中,本文首先探讨了决定名·名结构有无标记的因素。对由句法层面角度划分出的偏正、并列两大类,本文分别加以处理:对偏正关系的名·名结构,本文主要探讨中心语对定语的选择限制,借此确定名词的语义类;对并列关系的名·名结构,在描述其构成并列的语义基础及其句法功能的同时,本文试图找到决定组成成分先后次序的因素,一并讨论复杂并列结构的层次问题。在对偏正和并列两种句法关系的名·名结构有了认识的基础上,本文分化了“N+N”这种歧义格式。通过上述考察,本文得到以下几点结论:1.《庄子》中的名·名结构在形式上可分为有标记和无标记两种。偏正关系的名·名结构以助词“之”为形式标记,并列关系的名·名结构以连词“与”为形式标记。决定名·名结构是否带标记的因素主要有二:一是音韵上协调音节,二是语用上突出强调。2. 在偏正名·名结构中,各小类名词充任中心语,对充任定语的名词小类的选择存在着差异,名词各小类直接受名词修饰的能力大体排列如下:有生普通名词>抽象名词>物质名词>有生专有名词>方位名词>时间名 词>无生专有名词同时,各小类名词充任名词定语的能力也存在差异,排列如下:物质名词>有生普通名词>无生专有名词>方位名词>时间名词>有生专有名词>抽象名词3. 《庄子》中绝大部分的并列名·名结构的词序是固定的。并列名·名结构的产生是语用的结果,其形成是以语义亲近性作为语义基础的。在句法功能上,结构项的不同类别决定了整个结构的功能差异。结构项是专有名词、有生名词、时间名词或方位名词的并列名·名结构在句中一般不充当判断句谓语,结构项是专有名词、时间名词或方位名词的并列名·名结构一般不作偏正结构的中心语。4.在全面考察了名·名结构的句法语义功能之后,本文对“N+N”这种歧义格式进行了分化:如果N1、N2所属的名词小类不同,则“N+N”为偏正结构。如果N1、N2属于同一名词小类:N为无生专有名词或方位名词,则“N+N”为并列结构;N为有生专有名词,若N1、N2 同指,则为同位性偏正结构,反之则为并列结构;N为有生普通名词、物质名词、抽象名词或时间名词,则看N1、N2的语义特征,若语义特征相同,则为并列结构,反之则为偏正结构。
The structure of nouns is a structure formed by more than two nouns or noun phrases.As one of the nominal,the structure of nouns is normal in ancient chinese.The research on this structure is not only an important method to understand the nouns,but also an important part in the research of phrase.Zhuang-Zi is a famous book of The Pre- Qin Days.The words of this book basicly reflect the fact of language at that time.Through the research of the structure of nouns in Zhuang-Zi,we can get a clear knowledge of the nouns and the structure of nouns.This paper classify the nouns from two levels:1.Divide the nouns into four parts from the aspect of semantic and syntax:proper noun,common noun,time noun,local noun.2.Divide the nouns above from the aspect of the life degree:divide proper noun into proper noun with life and proper noun without life;divide common noun into common noun with life,mass noun and abstract noun.In the process of the research,this paper first discuss the factor resticted the market of the structure of nouns.Then,for the Attributive Compound,we discuss the chosen and restriction of the attributive for the head in order to find the semantic feature of nouns;for the co-ordinate structure,as describing the basic semantic and the syntactic function,we try to find the factor which decide the sequence of the components of the co-ordinate structure and the hierarchy of the complicated structure.After that,we make a divergence of the ambiguous structure ‘N+N’.After the research,we have the following conclutions:1. The structure of nouns in Zhuang-Zi can be divided into two kinds:structure with market,structure without market.The market of the Attributive Compound is “之”,and the market of the co-ordinate structure is “与”.And there are two factors which restrict the market of the structure:coordinate the syllable,emphasis from the pragmatics aspect.2. In the Attributive Compound,the ability of nouns modified by nouns is different: common noun with life>abstract noun>mass noun>proper noun with life>local noun>time noun>proper noun without life.Also the ability of nouns to be attributive is different: mass noun>common noun with life>proper noun without life>local noun>time noun>proper noun with life>abstract noun.3.The sequence of the components of the co-ordinate structure is fixed.The formation of the co-ordinate structure is a result of pragmatics,it is based on the intimity of the semantic.The kind of the component of the co-ordinate structure decidethe syntactic function of the structure:if the component belongs to proper noun、noun with life、time noun or local noun,the structure is not the predication of the judgement sentence;if the component belongs to proper noun、time noun、local noun,the structure is not the head of the Attributive Compound.4. we make a divergence of the ambiguous structure ‘N+N’:N1、N2 belong to different kinds of nouns,the structure is the Attributive Compound;N1、N2 belong to same kinds of nouns:if they are both proper noun without life or local noun,it is the co-ordinate structure;if they are both prorer noun with life and N1 equals N2 in semantic,the structure is the Attributive Compound,otherwise,it is the co-ordinate structure;if they are common noun with life、mass noun、abstract noun or time noun, it is the Attributive Compound if N1 equals N2 in semantic,it is the co-ordinate structure if N1 is not equal N2 in semantic.
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